期刊首页 优先出版 当期阅读 过刊浏览 作者中心 关于期刊 English

《中国工程科学》 >> 2018年 第20卷 第6期 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.06.015

智能源于人、拓于工——人工智能发展的一点思考

同济大学嵌入式系统与服务计算教育部重点实验室,上海 201804

资助项目 :中国工程院咨询项目“工程科技颠覆性技术战略研究”(2017-ZD-10);国家自然科学基金重大研究计划集成项目(91218301) 收稿日期: 2018-10-22 修回日期: 2018-10-30 发布日期: 2018-12-31

下一篇 上一篇

摘要

人工智能(AI)旨在模拟人脑中信息存储和处理机制等智能行为,使机器具有一定程度的智能水平。随着互联网、大数据、云计算和深度学习等新一代信息技术的飞速发展,目前AI领域的研究和应用已经取得重要进展。本文将深入分析与AI密切相关的计算机科学、控制科学、类脑智能、人脑智能等学科或领域之间的交融与历史演进;指出神经科学、脑科学与认知科学中有关脑的结构与功能机制的研究成果,为构建智能计算模型提供了重要的启发,并从逻辑模型及系统、神经元及网络模型、视觉神经分层机制等方面,分别阐述智能的驱动与发展;最后从互联网的计算理论、AI的演算和计算的融合、类脑智能的模型和机理、AI对神经科学的推动作用、反馈计算的算法设计与控制系统的能级五个方面,对AI的发展趋势进行了展望。

图片

图 1

图 2

图 3

图 4

参考文献

[ 1 ] 林崇德, 杨治良, 黄希庭. 心理学大辞典 [M]. 上海: 上海出版社, 2003. Lin C D, Yang Z L, Huang X T. A dictionary of psychology [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Publishing House, 2003.
Lin C D, Yang Z L, Huang X T. A dictionary of psychology [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Publishing House, 2003. Chinese.

[ 2 ] Turing A M. Computing machinery intelligence [J]. Mind, 1950, 59: 433–460.

[ 3 ] Chomsky N. Three models for the description of language [J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 1956, 2(3): 113–124. 链接1

[ 4 ] Hinton G E, Salakhutdinov R R. Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks [J]. Science, 2006, 313(5786): 504–507. 链接1

[ 5 ] McCulloch W S, Pitts W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity [J]. The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 1943, 5(4): 115–133. 链接1

[ 6 ] Hebb D O. The organization of behavior [M]. New York: Wiley, 1949.

[ 7 ] Rosenblatt F. The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain [J]. Psychological Review, 1958, 65(6): 386–408. 链接1

[ 8 ] Minsky M, Papert S. Perceptrons [M]. Oxford: MIT Press, 1969.

[ 9 ] Werbos P J. Backpropagation through time: What it does and how to do it [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1990, 78(10): 1550–1560. 链接1

[10] Hopfield J J. Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1982, 79(8): 2554–2558. 链接1

[11] Ackley D H, Hinton G E, Sejnowski T J. A learning algorithm for elmholtz machines [J]. Cognitive Science, 1985, 9(1): 147–169.

[12] Rumelhart D E, Hinton G E, Williams R J. Learning representations by back-propagating errors [J]. Nature, 1986, 323: 533–536. 链接1

[13] Hubel D H, Wiesel T N. Early exploration of the visual cortex [J]. Neuron, 1998, 20: 401–412. 链接1

[14] Lecun Y, Boser B, Denker J S, et al. Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition [J]. Neural Computation, 1989 (1): 541–551. 链接1

[15] Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton G E. ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks [C]. Nevada: International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2012. 链接1

[16] Chen T, Du Z, Sun N, et al. DianNao: A small-footprint highthroughput accelerator for ubiquitous machine learning [C]. Salt Lake City: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, 2014.

[17] Carver M. Analog VLSI and neural systems [M]. Boston: AddisonWesley Mass, 1989.

[18] Wolfgang M. Networks of spiking neurons: The third generation of neural network models [J]. Neural Networks, 1997, 10(9): 1659–1671. 链接1

[19] Merolla P A. A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface [J]. Science, 2014, 345 (6197): 668–673. 链接1

[20] Chua L O. Memristor—The missing circuit element [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, 1971, 18(5): 507–519. 链接1

[21] Dmitri B S, Gregory S S, Duncan R S. The missing memristor found [J]. Nature, 2008, 453: 80–83.

[22] Borghetti J. Memristive switches enable stateful logic operations via material implication [J]. Nature, 2010, 464: 873–876. 链接1

[23] Irem B, Manuel L G, Nandakumar S R, et al. Neuromorphic computing with multi-memristive synapses [J]. Nature Communication, 2018, 9: 2514–2529. 链接1

[24] Hochreiter S, Schmidhuber J. Long short-term memory [J]. Neural Computation, 1997, 9(8): 1735–1780. 链接1

[25] Andrea B, Caswell B, Benigno U, et al. Vector-based navigation using grid-like representations in artificial agents [J]. Nature, 2018, 557: 429–433. 链接1

[26] Collins A M, Quillian M R. Retrieval time from semantic memory [J]. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 1969, 8(2): 240–248. 链接1

[27] McClelland J, Rumelhart D. An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings [J]. Psychology Review, 1981, 88: 375–407. 链接1

[28] Bengio Y, Ducharme R, Vincent P, et al. A neural probabilistic language model [J]. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2003, (3): 1137–1155. 链接1

[29] Mikolov T, Chen K, Corrado C, et al. Efficient estimation of word representation in vector space [C]. Florida: Proceedings of Workshop at ICLR, 2013. 链接1

[30] Testolin A, Stoianov I, Zorzi M. Letter perception emerges from unsupervised deep learning and recycling of natural image features [J]. Human Behaviour, 2017, 1(9): 657–664. 链接1

[31] Wiener N. Cybernetics: Or control and communication in the animal and the machine [M]. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1948.

[32] Minsky M L. Theory of neural-analog reinforcement systems and its application to the brain-model problem [D]. Princeton: Princeton University (Doctoral dissertation), 1954.

[33] Zhuang Y, Wu F, Chen C, et al. Challenges and opportunities: From big data to knowledge in AI 2.0 [J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(1): 3–14. 链接1

[34] Li W, Wu W, Wang H, et al. Crowd intelligence in AI 2.0 era [J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(1): 15–43. 链接1

[35] Peng Y, Zhu W, Zhao Y, et al. Cross-media analysis and reasoning: Advances and directions [J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(1): 44–57. 链接1

[36] Zheng N, Liu Z, Ren P, et al. Hybrid-augmented intelligence: Collaboration and cognition [J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(2): 153–179. 链接1

[37] Tian Y, Chen X, Xiong H, et al. Towards human-like and transhuman perception in AI 2.0: A review [J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(1): 58–67. 链接1

[38] Zhang T, Li Q, Zhang C, et al. Current trends in the development of intelligent unmanned autonomous systems [J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(1): 68–85. 链接1

[39] Li B, Hou B, Yu W, et al. Applications of artificial intelligence in intelligent manufacturing: A review [J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(1): 86–96. 链接1

[40] Marblestone A H, Wayne G, Kording K P. Towards an integration of deep learning and neuroscience [J]. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 2016, 10(5): 1–60. 链接1

相关研究