[ 1 ] Qin L, Guo M, Cheng Z, Xu M, Liu Y, Xu D, et al. Improved cyclic redox reactivity of lanthanum modified iron-based oxygen carriers in carbon monoxide chemical looping combustion. J Mater Chem A 2017;5(38):20153–60. link1

[ 2 ] Mattisson T, Lyngfelt A, Leion H. Chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling for combustion of solid fuels. Int J Greenh Gas Control 2009;3(1):11–9. link1

[ 3 ] Hallberg P, Källén M, Jing D, Snijkers F, van Noyen J, Rydén M, et al. Experimental investigation of based oxygen carriers used in continuous chemical-looping combustion. Int J Chem Eng 2014;2014:1–9. link1

[ 4 ] Bakken E, Norby T, Stølen S. Nonstoichiometry and reductive decomposition of CaMnO3—d. Solid State Ion 2005;176(1–2):217–23. link1

[ 5 ] Gu H, Shen L, Xiao J, Zhang S, Song T. Chemical looping combustion of biomass/coal with natural iron ore as oxygen carrier in a continuous reactor. Energy Fuels 2011;25(1):446–55. link1

[ 6 ] Li F, Kim HR, Sridhar D, Wang F, Zeng L, Chen J, et al. Syngas chemical looping gasification process: oxygen carrier particle selection and performance. Energy Fuels 2009;23(8):4182–9. link1

[ 7 ] Li F, Sun Z, Luo S, Fan LS. Ionic diffusion in the oxidation of iron—effect of support and its implications to chemical looping applications. Energy Environ Sci 2011;4(3):876–80. link1

[ 8 ] Day RJ, Frisch MA. Chromium chromate as an inert marker in copper oxidation. Surf Interface Anal 1986;8(1):33–6. link1

[ 9 ] Chiang YM, Birnie DP, Kingery WD. Physical ceramics: principles for ceramic science and engineering. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1996.

[10] Qin L, Majumder A, Fan JA, Kopechek D, Fan LS. Evolution of nanoscale morphology in single and binary metal oxide microparticles during reduction and oxidation processes. J Mater Chem A 2014;2(41):17511–20. link1

[11] Qin L, Cheng Z, Fan JA, Kopechek D, Xu D, Deshpande N, et al. Nanostructure formation mechanism and ion diffusion in iron–titanium composite materials with chemical looping redox reactions. J Mater Chem A 2015;3 (21):11302–12. link1

[12] Fu Y, Chen J, Zhang H. Synthesis of Fe2O3 nanowires by oxidation of iron. Chem Phys Lett 2001;350(5–6):491–4. link1

[13] Wen X, Wang S, Ding Y, Wang ZL, Yang S. Controlled growth of large-area, uniform, vertically aligned arrays of a-Fe2O3 nanobelts and nanowires. J Phys Chem B 2005;109(1):215–20. link1

[14] Dang HY, Wang J, Fan SS. The synthesis of metal oxide nanowires by directly heating metal samples in appropriate oxygen atmospheres. Nanotechnology 2003;14(7):738–41. link1

[15] Fan LS. Chemical looping systems for fossil energy conversions. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2010. link1

[16] Wilson NC, Muscat J, Mkhonto D, Ngoepe PE, Harrison NM. Structure and properties of ilmenite from first principles. Phys Rev B 2005;71 (7):075202. link1

[17] Yang Z, Woo TK, Baudin M, Hermansson K. Atomic and electronic structure of unreduced and reduced CeO2 surfaces: a first-principles study. J Chem Phys 2004;120(16):7741–9. link1

[18] Chen L, Lu Y, Hong Q, Lin J, Dautzenberg FM. Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to syngas over Ca-decorated-Al2O3-supported Ni and NiB catalysts. Appl Catal A Gen 2005;292:295–304.

[19] Sauer J, Dobler J. Structure and reactivity of V2O5: bulk solid, nanosized clusters, species supported on silica and alumina, cluster cations and anions. Dalton Trans 2004;19(19):3116–21. link1

[20] Thomas TJ, Fan LS, Gupta P, Velazquez-Vargas LG, inventors; The Ohio State University, assignee. Combustion looping using composite oxygen carriers. United States patent US 7767191. 2010 Aug 3. link1

[21] Tong A, Zeng L, Kathe MV, Sridhar D, Fan LS. Application of the moving-bed chemical looping process for high methane conversion. Energy Fuels 2013;27 (8):4119–28. link1

[22] Pineau A, Kanari N, Gaballah I. Kinetics of reduction of iron oxides by H2: Part I: low temperature reduction of hematite. Thermochim Acta 2006;447 (1):89–100. link1

[23] Pineau A, Kanari N, Gaballah I. Kinetics of reduction of iron oxides by H2: Part II: low temperature reduction of magnetite. Thermochim Acta 2007;456 (2):75–88.

[24] Cheng Z, Qin L, Guo M, Fan JA, Xu D, Fan LS. Methane adsorption and dissociation on iron oxide oxygen carriers: the role of oxygen vacancies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016;18(24):16423–35. link1

[25] De Diego LF, Ortiz M, Adánez J, García-Labiano F, Abad A, Gayán P. Synthesis gas generation by chemical-looping reforming in a batch fluidized bed reactor using Ni-based oxygen carriers. Chem Eng J 2008;144(2):289–98.

[26] Fan LS. Chemical looping partial oxidation: gasification, reforming, and chemical syntheses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017.

[27] He F, Wei Y, Li H, Wang H. Synthesis gas generation by chemical-looping reforming using Ce-based oxygen carriers modified with Fe, Cu, and Mn oxides. Energy Fuels 2009;23(4):2095–102. link1

[28] Azimi G, Mattisson T, Leion H, Rydén M, Lyngfelt A. Comprehensive study of Mn–Fe–Al oxygen-carriers for chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU). Int J Greenh Gas Control 2015;34:12–24. link1

[29] Qin L, Cheng Z, Guo M, Fan JA, Fan LS. Morphology evolution and nanostructure of chemical looping transition metal oxide materials upon redox processes. Acta Mater 2017;124:568–78. link1

[30] Luo S, Zeng L, Xu D, Kathe M, Chung E, Deshpande N, et al. Shale gas-to-syngas chemical looping process for stable shale gas conversion to high purity syngas with a H2:CO ratio of 2:1. Energy Environ Sci 2014;7(12):4104–17. link1

[31] Jin Y, Sun C, Su S. Experimental and theoretical study of the oxidation of ventilation air methane over Fe2O3 and CuO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015;17 (25):16277–84. link1

[32] Cheng Z, Qin L, Guo M, Xu M, Fan JA, Fan LS. Oxygen vacancy promoted methane partial oxidation over iron oxide oxygen carriers in the chemical looping process. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016;18(47):32418–28. link1

[33] Monazam ER, Breault RW, Siriwardane R, Richards G, Carpenter S. Kinetics of the reduction of hematite (Fe2O3) by methane (CH4) during chemical looping combustion: a global mechanism. Chem Eng J 2013;232:478–87. link1

[34] Liu S, Tan X, Li K, Hughes R. Methane coupling using catalytic membrane reactors. Catal Rev 2001;43(1–2):147–98. link1

[35] Malekzadeh A, Khodadadi A, Abedini M, Amini M, Bahramian A, Dalai AK. Correlation of electrical properties and performance of OCM MOx/Na2WO4/ SiO2 catalysts. Catal Commun 2001;2(8):241–7. link1

[36] Hutchings GJ, Scurrell MS, Woodhouse JR. Oxidative coupling of methane using oxide catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 1989;18:251–83. link1

[37] Choudhary VR, Rane VH. Acidity/basicity of rare-earth oxides and their catalytic activity in oxidative coupling of methane to C2-hydrocarbons. J Catal 1991;130(2):411–2. link1

[38] Dubois JL, Cameron CJ. Common features of oxidative coupling of methane cofeed catalysts. Appl Catal 1990;67(1):49–71. link1

[39] Greish AA, Glukhov LM, Finashina ED, Kustov LM, Sung J, Choo K, et al. Oxidative coupling of methane in the redox cyclic mode over the catalysts on the basis of CeO2 and La2O3. Mendeleev Commun 2010;20(1):28–30. link1

[40] Sung JS, Choo KY, Kim TH, Greish A, Glukhov L, Finashina E, et al. Peculiarities of oxidative coupling of methane in redox cyclic mode over Ag-La2O3/SiO2 catalysts. Appl Catal A Gen 2010;380(1–2):28–32. link1

[41] Huang K, Zhan XL, Chen FQ, Lü DW. Catalyst design for methane oxidative coupling by using artificial neural network and hybrid genetic algorithm. Chem Eng Sci 2003;58(1):81–7. link1

[42] Chua YT, Mohamed AR, Bhatia S. Oxidative coupling of methane for the production of ethylene over sodium-tungsten-manganese-supported-silica catalyst (Na-W-Mn/SiO2). Appl Catal A Gen 2008;343(1–2):142–8. link1

[43] Sahebdelfar S, Ravanchi MT, Gharibi M, Hamidzadeh M. Rule of 100: an inherent limitation or performance measure in oxidative coupling of methane? J Nat Gas Chem 2012;21(3):308–13. link1

[44] Cao Y, Sit SP, Pan WP. Preparation and characterization of lanthanum- promoted copper-based oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion process. Aerosol Air Qual Res 2014;14(2):572–84. link1

[45] Cao Y, Sit SP, Pan WP. Lanthanum-promoted copper-based oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion process. J Therm Anal Calorim 2014;116 (3):1257–66. link1

[46] Niu T, Liu GL, Chen Y, Yang J, Wu J, Cao Y, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of graphene-LaFeO3 composite supported with Cu-Co nanocatalyst for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas. Appl Surf Sci 2016;364:388–99. link1

[47] Liu L, Zachariah MR. Enhanced performance of alkali metal doped Fe2O3 and Fe2O3/Al2O3 composites as oxygen carrier material in chemical looping combustion. Energy Fuels 2013;27(8):4977–83. link1

[48] Wang M, Liu J, Hu J, Liu F. O2–CO2 mixed gas production using a Zr-doped Cu- based oxygen carrier. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015;54(40):9805–12. link1

[49] Mohamed SA, Quddus MR, Razzak SA, Hossain MM, de Lasa HI. NiO/Ce-cAl2O3 oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion. Energy Fuels 2015;29 (9):6095–103.

[50] Chen S, Zeng L, Tian H, Li X, Gong J. Enhanced lattice oxygen reactivity over Ni- modified WO3-based redox catalysts for chemical looping partial oxidation of methane. ACS Catal 2017;7(5):3548–59. link1

[51] Qin L, Cheng Z, Guo M, Fan JA, Fan LS. Impact of 1% lanthanum dopant on carbonaceous fuel redox reactions with an iron-based oxygen carrier in chemical looping processes. ACS Energy Lett 2017;2(1):70–4. link1

[52] Chung C, Qin L, Shah V, Fan LS. Chemically and physically robust, commercially-viable iron-based composite oxygen carriers sustainable over 3000 redox cycles at high temperatures for chemical looping applications. Energy Environ Sci 2017;10:2318. link1

[53] Hsia C, St Pierre GR, Raghunathan K, Fan LS. Diffusion through the CaSO4 formed during the reaction of CaO with SO2 and O2. AIChE J 1993;39 (4):698–700. link1

[54] Hsia C, St Pierre GR, Fan LS. Isotope study on diffusion in the CaSO4 formed in the sorbent-flue gas reaction. AIChE J 1995;41(10):2337–40. link1