2018, Volume 4, Issue 3
Engineering >> 2018, Volume 4, Issue 3 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.05.010
Comparing End-Use Potential for Industrial Food-Waste Sources
a Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2093, USA
b Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA
c Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA
Next Previous
Abstract
Approximately one quarter of the global edible food supply is wasted. The drivers of food waste can occur at any level between production, harvest, distribution, processing, and the consumer. While the drivers vary globally, the industrialized regions of North America, Europe, and Asia share similar situations; in each of these regions the largest loss of food waste occurs with the consumer, at approximately 51% of total waste generated. As a consequence, handling waste falls on municipal solid waste operations. In the United States, food waste constitutes 15% of the solid waste stream by weight, contributes 3.4 × 107t of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent emissions, and costs 1.9 billion USD in disposal fees. The levels of carbon, nutrients, and moisture in food waste make bioprocessing into higher value products an attractive method for mitigation. Opportunities include extraction of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds, or conversion to a variety of volatile acids—including lactic, acetic, and propionic acids—that can be recovered and sold at a profit. The conversion of waste into volatile acids can be paired with bioenergy production, including hydrogen or biogas. This present review compares the potential for upgrading industrial food waste to either specialty products or methane. Higher value uses of industrial food waste could alleviate approximately 1.9 × 108 t of CO2equivalent emissions. As an example, potato peel could be upgraded to lactic acid via fermentation to recover 5600 million USD per year, or could be converted to methane via anaerobic digestion, resulting in a revenue of 900 million USD per year. The potential value to be recovered is significant, and food-waste valorization will help to close the loop for various food industries.
Figures
Fig.1
Fig. 2
References
[ 1 ] Kummu M, de Moel H, Porkka M, Siebert S, Varis O, Ward PJ. Lost food, wasted resources: global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use. Sci Total Environ 2012;438:477–89. link1
[ 2 ] Girotto F, Alibardi L, Cossu R. Food waste generation and industrial uses: a review. Waste Manage 2015;45:32–41. link1
[ 3 ] US Environmental Protection Agency. Advancing sustainable materials management: 2014 fact sheet. Assessing trends in material generation, recycling, composting, combustion with energy recovery and landfilling in the United States. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 2016. link1
[ 4 ] Liu G. Food losses and food waste in China: a first estimate. OECD Food Agric Fish Pap 2014:66. link1
[ 5 ] Lee SH, Choi KI, Osako M, Dong JI. Evaluation of environmental burdens caused by changes of food waste management systems in Seoul, Korea. Sci Total Environ 2007;387(1–3):42–53. link1
[ 6 ] Babbitt CW. Foundations of sustainable food waste solutions: innovation, evaluation, and standardization. Clean Technol Environ Policy 2017;19 (5):1255–6. link1
[ 7 ] Lin CSK, Pfaltzgraff LA, Herrero-Davila L, Mubofu EB, Abderrahim S, Clark JH, et al. Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels. Current situation and global perspective. Energy Environ Sci 2013;6(2):426–64. link1
[ 8 ] Lin CSK, Koutinas AA, Stamatelatou K, Mubofu EB, Matharu AS, Kopsahelis N, et al. Current and future trends in food waste valorization for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels: a global perspective. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 2014;8(5):686–715. link1
[ 9 ] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food and Agricultural Organization statistical yearbook 2014. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2014. link1
[10] Qu W, Pan Z, Zhang R, Chen X, Zhu B, Wang Z, et al. Integrated extraction and anaerobic digestion process for recovery of nutraceuticals and biogas from pomegranate marc. Trans ASABE 2009;52(6):1997–2006. link1
[11] John I, Muthukumar K, Arunagiri A. A review on the potential of citrus waste for D-limonene, pectin, and bioethanol production. Int J Green Energy 2017;14 (7):599–612. link1
[12] Liang S, McDonald AG. Chemical and thermal characterization of potato peel waste and its fermentation residue as potential resources for biofuel and bioproducts production. J Agric Food Chem 2014;62(33):8421–9. link1
[13] Liang S, McDonald AG, Coats ER. Lactic acid production from potato peel waste by anaerobic sequencing batch fermentation using undefined mixed culture. Waste Manage 2015;45:51–6. link1
[14] Sakuragi K, Li P, Otaka M, Makino H. Recovery of bio-oil from industrial food waste by liquefied dimethyl ether for biodiesel production. Energies 2016;9 (2):106. link1
[15] Mussatto SI, Carneiro LM, Silva JPA, Roberto IC, Teixeira JA. A study on chemical constituents and sugars extraction from spent coffee grounds. Carbohydr Polym 2011;83(2):368–74. link1
[16] Li Y, Guo C, Yang J, Wei J, Xu J, Cheng S. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract. Food Chem 2006;96(2):254–60. link1
[17] Hasnaoui N, Wathelet B, Jiménez-Araujo A. Valorization of pomegranate peel from 12 cultivars: dietary fibre composition, antioxidant capacity and functional properties. Food Chem 2014;160:196–203. link1
[18] Goula AM. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of pomegranate seed oil—kinetic modeling. J Food Eng 2013;117(4):492–8. link1
[19] Martínez JJ, Melgarejo P, Hernández F, Salazar DM, Martínez R. Seed characterisation of five new pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties. Sci Hortic 2006;110(3):241–6. link1
[20] Dalimov DN, Dalimova GN, Bhatt M. Chemical composition and lignins of tomato and pomegranate seeds. Chem Nat Compd 2003;39(1):37–40. link1
[21] Uçar S, Karagöz S. The slow pyrolysis of pomegranate seeds: the effect of temperature on the product yields and bio-oil properties. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2009;84(2):151–6. link1
[22] Qu W, Pan Z, Ma H. Extraction modeling and activities of antioxidants from pomegranate marc. J Food Eng 2010;99(1):16–23. link1
[23] Koppar A, Pullammanappallil P. Anaerobic digestion of peel waste and wastewater for on site energy generation in a citrus processing facility. Energy 2013;60:62–8. link1
[24] Ghaly AE, Ramakrishnan VV, Brooks MS, Budge SM, Dave D. Fish processing wastes as a potential source of proteins, amino acids and oils: a critical review. J Microb Biochem Technol 2013;5:107–29.
[25] Smithers GW. Whey and whey proteins—from ‘‘gutter-to-gold”. Int Dairy J 2008;18(7):695–704. link1
[26] Zhou W, Widmer W, Grohmann K. Economic analysis of ethanol production from citrus peel waste. Proc Fla State Hort Soc 2007;120:310–5. link1
[27] Kaufmann AJ. Remediation of spent pickle brine using crossflow filtration and activated carbon batch testing [dissertation]. Raleigh: North Carolina State University; 2015. link1
[28] Barrett EL, Collins EB, Hall BJ, Matoi SH. Production of 2,3-butylene glycol from whey by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes. J Dairy Sci 1983;66:2507–14. link1
[29] Klavon KH, Lansing SA, Mulbry W, Moss AR, Felton G. Economic analysis of small-scale agricultural digesters in the United States. Biomass Bioenergy 2013;54:36–45. link1
[30] Antal Jr MJ, Allen SG, Dai X, Shimizu B, Tam MS, Grønli M. Attainment of the theoretical yield of carbon from biomass. Ind Eng Chem Res 2000;39 (11):4024–31. link1
[31] Murto M, Björnsson L, Mattiasson B. Impact of food industrial waste on anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and pig manure. J Environ Manage 2004;70(2):101–7. link1
[32] Serrano A, Siles JA, Gutiérrez MC, Martín MÁ. Optimization of anaerobic co- digestion of strawberry and fish waste. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014;173 (6):1391–404. link1
[33] Soomro AH, Masud T, Anwaar K. Role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in food preservation and human health—a review. Pak J Nutr 2002;1(1):20–4. link1
[34] Henton DE, Gruber P, Lunt J, Randall J. Polylactic acid technology. In: Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT, editors. Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2005. p. 527–78. link1
[35] Baker J. Bioplastics set for growth phase. ICIS Chem Bus 2013;284:2.
[36] Guzman DD. PHA ready for takeoff. ICIS Chem Bus 2011;279:30.
[37] National Potato Council. Potato statistical yearbook 2016. Washington, DC: National Potato Council; 2016. link1
[38] Liang S, McDonald AG, Coats ER. Lactic acid production with undefined mixed culture fermentation of potato peel waste. Waste Manage 2014;34 (11):2022–7. link1
[39] Sakai K, Ezaki Y. Open L-lactic acid fermentation of food refuse using thermophilic Bacillus coagulans and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of microflora. J Biosci Bioeng 2006;101(6):457–63. link1
[40] Smith TJ, Huxsoll CC. Peeling potatos for processing. In: Talburt WF, Smith O, editors. Potato process. New York: Van Nostrand Renhold Company; 1987. p. 333–69. link1
[41] Datta R, Henry M. Lactic acid: recent advances in products, processes and technologies—a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2006;81(7): 1119–29. link1
[42] McFeeters RF, Coon W, Palnitkar MP, Velting M, Pehringer N. Reuse of fermentation brines in the cucumber pickling industry. Cincinnati: Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency; 1978 Sep. Report No.: EPA-600/2-78-207. Contract No.: S-803825.
[43] Abdullah M, Bulent Koc A. Oil removal from waste coffee grounds using two- phase solvent extraction enhanced with ultrasonication. Renew Energy 2013;50:965–70. link1
[44] Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) fact sheet [Internet]. ETIP Bioenergy-SABS; c2018 [cited 2017 Sep 15]. Available from: http://www.etipbioenergy.eu/fact- sheets/fatty-acid-methyl-esters-fame-fact-sheet. link1
[45] Today in energy: daily prices [Internet]. Washington, DC: US Energy Information Administration; [cited 2017 Dec 28]. Available from: https:// www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/prices.php. link1
[46] Goula AM, Lazarides HN. Integrated processes can turn industrial food waste into valuable food by-products and/or ingredients: the cases of olive mill and pomegranate wastes. J Food Eng 2015;167:45–50. link1
[47] Fruit and tree nut yearbook tables [Internet]. Washington, DC: Economic Research Service of US Department of Agriculture; [cited 2017 Dec 28]. Available from: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/fruit-and-tree-nut- data/fruit-and-tree-nut-yearbook-tables/. link1
[48] Oberoi HS, Vadlani PV, Madl RL, Saida L, Abeykoon JP. Ethanol production from orange peels: two-stage hydrolysis and fermentation studies using optimized parameters through experimental design. J Agric Food Chem 2010;58 (6):3422–9. link1
[49] Suwal S, Ketnawa S, Liceaga AM, Huang JY. Electro-membrane fractionation of antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysates of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) byproducts. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2017;45:122–31. link1
[50] Vlieghe P, Lisowski V, Martinez J, Khrestchatisky M. Synthetic therapeutic peptides: science and market. Drug Discov Today 2010;15(1–2):40–56. link1
[51] Raganati F, Olivieri G, Procentese A, Russo ME, Salatino P, Marzocchella A. Butanol production by bioconversion of cheese whey in a continuous packed bed reactor. Bioresour Technol 2013;138:259–65. link1
[52] Palagacheva Y. Butanols. ICIS Chem Bus 2017;291:23.
[53] Miner L. Acetone still tight. ICIS Chem Bus 2017;291:10–1.
[54] RedCorn R, Engelberth AS. Identifying conditions to optimize lactic acid production from food waste co-digested with primary sludge. Biochem Eng J 2016;105(Pt A):205–13. link1
[55] Zhang B, He PJ, Ye NF, Shao LM. Enhanced isomer purity of lactic acid from the non-sterile fermentation of kitchen wastes. Bioresour Technol 2008;99 (4):855–62. link1
[56] Lu Z, Pérez-Díaz IM, Hayes JS, Breidt F. Bacteriophage ecology in a commercial cucumber fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012;78(24):8571–8. link1
[57] Zhou A, McFeeters RF, Fleming HP. Development of oxidized odor and volatile aldehydes in fermented cucumber tissue exposed to oxygen. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48(2):193–7. link1
[58] EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) [Internet]. European Commission; [cited 2017 Sep 14]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en. link1
[59] Jiang C, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Xu T. Electrodialysis of concentrated brine from RO plant to produce coarse salt and freshwater. J Membr Sci 2014;450:323–30. link1
[60] Rampai T, Thitiprasert S, Boonkong W, Kodama K, Tolieng V, Thongchul N, et al. Improved lactic acid productivity by simultaneous recovery during fermentation using resin exchanger. Asia-Pacific J Sci Technol 2016;21:193–9. link1
[61] Agarwal AK. Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2007;33(3):233–71. link1
[62] Al-Maiman SA, Ahmad D. Changes in physical and chemical properties during pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit maturation. Food Chem 2002;76 (4):437–41. link1
[63] Arioui F, Ait Saada D, Cheriguene A. Physicochemical and sensory quality of yogurt incorporated with pectin from peel of Citrus sinensis. Food Sci Nutr 2017;5(2):358–64. link1
[64] John I, Yaragarla P, Muthaiah P, Ponnusamy K, Appusamy A. Statistical optimization of acid catalyzed steam pretreatment of citrus peel waste for bioethanol production. Resour Technol 2017;3(4):429–33. link1
[65] Abdehagh N, Tezel FH, Thibault J. Separation techniques in butanol production: challenges and developments. Biomass Bioenergy 2014;60: 222–46. link1
[66] Quested T, Ingle R. Household food and drink waste in the United Kingdom 2012. Final report. Banbury: Waste and Resources Action Programme; 2013.
[67] Ujor V, Bharathidasan AK, Cornish K, Ezeji TC. Feasibility of producing butanol from industrial starchy food wastes. Appl Energy 2014;136:590–8. link1
[68] Stoeberl M, Werkmeister R, Faulstich M, Russ W. Biobutanol from food wastes—fermentative production, use as biofuel an the influence on the emissions. Procedia Food Sci 2011;1:1867–74. link1
[69] Mirasol F. Nutraceuticals in the hot zone. ICIS Chem Bus 2009;276:18.
[70] Iverson F. Phenolic antioxidants: health protection branch studies on butylated hydroxyanisole. Cancer Lett 1995;93(1):49–54.
[71] Onuma W, Asai D, Tomono S, Miyamoto S, Fujii G, Hamoya T, et al. Anticarcinogenic effects of dried citrus peel in colon carcinogenesis due to inhibition of oxidative stress. Nutr Cancer 2017;69(6):855–61. link1
[72] Chen XM, Tait AR, Kitts DD. Flavonoid composition of orange peel and its association with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Food Chem 2017;218:15–21. link1
[73] AMEC Earth & Environmental Limited. Management of wastes from Atlantic seafood processing operations. Final report. Dartmouth: AMEC Earth & Environmental Limited; 2003. link1
[74] Hossain U, Alam AKMN. Production of powder fish silage from fish market wastes. SAARC J Agri 2015;13(2):13–25. link1
[75] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2016. link1
[76] Esteban MB, García AJ, Ramos P, Márquez MC. Evaluation of fruit-vegetable and fish wastes as alternative feedstuffs in pig diets. Waste Manage 2007;27 (2):193–200. link1
[77] Li-Chan ECY. Bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates: research trends and challenges for application as nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients. Curr Opin Food Sci 2015;1:28–37. link1
[78] He R, Girgih AT, Rozoy E, Bazinet L, Ju XR, Aluko RE. Selective separation and concentration of antihypertensive peptides from rapeseed protein hydrolysate by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes. Food Chem 2016;197(Pt A):1008–14.
[79] De Clercq D, Wen Z, Gottfried O, Schmidt F, Fei F. A review of global strategies promoting the conversion of food waste to bioenergy via anaerobic digestion. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2017;79:204–21. link1
[80] Uçkun Kiran E, Trzcinski AP, Ng WJ, Liu Y. Bioconversion of food waste to energy: a review. Fuel 2014;134:389–99. link1
[81] Lee JP, Lee JS, Park SC. Two-phase methanization of food wastes in pilot scale. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1999;79(1–3):585–93. link1
[82] Liang S, McDonald AG. Anaerobic digestion of pre-fermented potato peel wastes for methane production. Waste Manage 2015;46:197–200. link1
[83] Neves L, Oliveira R, Alves MM. Anaerobic co-digestion of coffee waste and sewage sludge. Waste Manage 2006;26(2):176–81. link1
[84] Gunaseelan VN. Biochemical methane potential of fruits and vegetable solid waste feedstocks. Biomass Bioenergy 2004;26(4):389–99. link1
[85] Escalante H, Castro L, Amaya MP, Jaimes L, Jaimes-Estévez J. Anaerobic digestion of cheese whey: energetic and nutritional potential for the dairy sector in developing countries. Waste Manage 2018;71:711–8. link1
[86] Jacob S, Chintagunta AD, Banerjee R. Selective digestion of industrial potato wastes for efficient biomethanation: a sustainable solution for safe environmental disposal. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2016;13(10):2363–74. link1
[87] Sanaei-Moghadam A, Abbaspour-Fard MH, Aghel H, Aghkhani MH, Abedini- Torghabeh J. Enhancement of biogas production by co-digestion of potato pulp with cow manure in a CSTR system. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014;173 (7):1858–69. link1
[88] Zhu H, Stadnyk A, Béland M, Seto P. Co-production of hydrogen and methane from potato waste using a two-stage anaerobic digestion process. Bioresour Technol 2008;99(11):5078–84. link1
[89] Luz FC, Cordiner S, Manni A, Mulone V, Rocco V. Anaerobic digestion of liquid fraction coffee grounds at laboratory scale: evaluation of the biogas yield. Energy Procedia 2017;105:1096–101.
[90] Kim J, Kim H, Baek G, Lee C. Anaerobic co-digestion of spent coffee grounds with different waste feedstocks for biogas production. Waste Manage 2017;60:322–8. link1
[91] Mirabella N, Castellani V, Sala S. Current options for the valorization of food manufacturing waste: a review. J Clean Prod 2014;65:28–41. link1
[92] Nges IA, Mbatia B, Björnsson L. Improved utilization of fish waste by anaerobic digestion following omega-3 fatty acids extraction. J Environ Manage 2012;110:159–65. link1
[93] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food wastage footprint: impacts on natural resources. Summary report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2013.
[94] Hodge KL, Levis JW, DeCarolis JF, Barlaz MA. Systematic evaluation of industrial, commercial, and institutional food waste management strategies in the United States. Environ Sci Technol 2016;50(16):8444–52. link1
[95] Bernstad Saraiva Schott A, Andersson T. Food waste minimization from a life- cycle perspective. J Environ Manage 2015;147:219–26. link1
京公网安备 11010502051620号
