2023, Volume 23, Issue 4
Engineering >> 2023, Volume 23, Issue 4 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.09.010
Commercial Gel-Type Ion Exchange Resin Enables Large-Scale Production of Ultrasmall Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient Water Decontamination
a School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
b School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing, 210094, China
c Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
d College of Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Abstract
Nanotechnology presents innovative solutions in advanced water treatment; however, its application is limited by the challenging large-scale production of ultrasmall (< 5 nm) nanoparticles (NPs) with extraordinary decontamination reactivity and the difficulty of handling such tiny NPs in engineering. To address these challenges, we propose a straightforward route for synthesizing ultrasmall NPs using the commercial gel-type anion exchange resin N201 as the host. N201 is a millimeter-scale poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) bead modified with quaternary ammonium groups. Nanoparticles of hydrated ferric oxide (HFO), hydrated manganese oxide (HMO), cadmium sulfide (CdS), and zero-valent iron (ZVI) were obtained through simple impregnation-precipitation in N201, and all of the NPs possessed an ultrasmall size of sub-5 nm. A pilot-scale production assay indicated that the synthetic system could be enlarged proportionally to prepare massive sub-5 nm HFO. Regarding the underlying mechanism, each N201 bead contained a continuous water phase, allowing the rapid diffusion of the reactants (7 s for diffusion from the bead surface to the center), resulting in burst nucleation to produce ultrasmall NPs with a narrow size distribution. Moreover, the crosslinked polymer chains provided a confined space (< 5 nm diameter) to prevent the excessive growth of the formed NPs. Owing to the millimetric N201 host, the resultant nanocomposite can be applied in flow-through systems. The batch and column adsorption assays demonstrate the dramatically enhanced adsorption performance of the ultrasmall HFO toward As(III/V) than the ∼17 nm analogs. This study can advance the widespread use of nanotechnology in practical water treatment.
Keywords
Nanoscale effect ; Nanoconfinement ; Adsorption ; Inner-sphere complex ; Regeneration
SupplementaryMaterials
Figures
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References
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