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Unnormalized and normalized forms of gefura measures in directed and undirected networks

Raf GUNS,Ronald ROUSSEAU

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2015, Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages 311-320 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1400425

Abstract: Gefura measures are designed as indicators of a node’s brokerage role between such groups.

Keywords： Networks subdivided in groups Partitions Gefura measures Q-measures Brokerage role Directed and

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The critical role of autophagy in plant responses to abiotic stresses

Yu WANG,Jie ZHOU,Jingquan YU

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2017, Volume 4, Issue 1, Pages 28-36 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017130

Abstract: Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved recycling process in eukaryotes whereby intracellular components are engulfed by autophagosomes, which are subsequently transferred to the vacuoles for further degradation and reuse. In organisms like yeast and metazoans, autophagy is actively engaged during environmental perturbation either by degrading denatured proteins and organelles or by interfacing with stress related signaling molecules. Studies over the last decade have also revealed numerous important mechanisms where autophagy is widely involved in plant abiotic stress responses. Autophagy serves as a pivotal route for nutrient remobilization by the degradation of superfluous or damaged cellular cytoplasmic material and organelles. It is also reported to regulate the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, to maintain the cellular redox balance of plants under stressful conditions. Furthermore, autophagy is essential in regulating cellular toxicity by removing aggregated and/or denatured proteins and thereby improving plant stress tolerance. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of autophagy, along with pathways and regulatory networks through which it influences many aspects of plant growth and development in response to nutrient starvation, oxidative stress, osmotic stress and extreme temperatures are discussed.

Keywords： abiotic stresses autophagy extreme temperature nutrient starvation osmotic stress oxidative stress

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The role of lipids in fermentative propionate production from the co-fermentation of lipid and food waste

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2023, Volume 17, Issue 7, doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1686-0

Abstract:

● Lipid can promote PA production on a target from food waste.

Keywords： Acidogenic fermentation Microbial community Volatile fatty acid Propionate Food waste Lipid

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The role of EcoCampus in addressing sustainability in UK universities

Peter REDFERN, Hua ZHONG

Frontiers of Engineering Management 2017, Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 193-200 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017038

Abstract: Universities are key drivers of sustainable development and are well-positioned to contribute to the sustainability agenda. Universities in the United Kingdom (UK) are themselves large and influential organisations, and because of their size, can have a significant impact on the environment. Their challenge, however, is to practice what they preach and to manage their own estates and procurement decisions to reduce their impact on the environment and meet carbon reduction targets. In the UK, higher education (HE) sector Scopes 1 and 2 carbon CO e emissions have, over recent years, been falling considerably short of the emission reduction targets set by the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) in all but a few institutions. Setting sector specific targets, therefore, does not guarantee success in addressing climate change. However, in those institutions adopting the EcoCampus management system approach, Scopes 1 and 2 carbon CO e emissions have fallen by up to 5% over the latest reporting period (2013/2014–2014/2015). This contrasts with the increase in emissions from those institutions who currently do not have a certified management system and are currently at the bottom of the People and Planet University League Table. (This is an independent league table of UK universities ranked by environmental and ethical performance). Environmental management systems (EMSs) are increasingly being used by organisations to improve their environmental performance. EMSs deliver many benefits such as reducing resource use and pollution, complying with relevant environmental legislation, managing risks, improving corporate reputation and saving costs. The aim of this research was to assess the carbon management performance of universities in the UK and China and relate this to the level of uptake of EMSs in these universities. The results of this research informed the development of the EMS support and awards programme called EcoCampus. EcoCampus addresses the challenges faced by universities in reducing their carbon emissions by developing an EMS in simple stages with support in a variety of different forms. This self-financing programme has now been operating successfully for over ten years. During this time, EcoCampus has worked with over 60 universities and colleges in the UK. Eighteen participants have currently achieved the highest phase of EcoCampus and certification to the international EMS standard ISO14001. There are currently 40 universities, one research institute and three colleges enrolled on the various phases of the EcoCampus programme. There are five universities from the Russell Group including Cambridge University, Imperial College London, Nottingham University, Newcastle University and University College London. The EcoCampus programme is highly successful in the UK and there is growing interest from international universities wishing to join the programme. Seven of the top ten universities in the UK’s People and Planet University League Table are EcoCampus members. All the top ten universities in the League Table have shown a reduction in their carbon emissions. In contrast, the ten institutions at the bottom of the League don’t have a certified EMS and have increased their carbon emissions. By identifying the benefits of an EMS, particularly in relation to carbon management, it is hoped that this paper will encourage organisations to develop, implement and operate an EMS. This should lead to a more sustainable sector able to lead by example.

Keywords： EcoCampus environmental management sustainable development carbon management

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Appreciating the role of big data in the modernization of environmental governance

Frontiers of Engineering Management 2022, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages 163-169 doi: 10.1007/s42524-021-0185-x

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The role of microRNAs in adipocyte differentiation

Rong Zhang, Di Wang, Zhuying Xia, Chao Chen, Peng Cheng, Hui Xie, Xianghang Luo

Frontiers of Medicine 2013, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages 223-230 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0252-8

Abstract:

Adipocytes differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a process known as adipogenesis. The programme of adipogenesis is regulated by the sequential activation of transcription factors and several signaling pathways. There is growing evidence indicating that a class of small non-coding single-stranded RNAs known as “microRNAs (miRNAs)” also are involved in this process. In this review, we summarize the biology and functional mechanisms of miRNAs in adipocyte differentiation. In addition, we further discuss the miRNAs profiling, the miRNAs function and miRNAs target prediction in the adipogenesis.

Keywords： microRNA adipocyte differentiation adipogenesis

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Organizational dynamics in adaptive distributed search processes: effects on performance and the role

Friederike WALL

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2016, Volume 17, Issue 4, Pages 283-295 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500306

Abstract: In this paper, the effects of altering the organizational setting of distributed adaptive search processes in the course of search are investigated. We put particular emphasis on the complexity of interactions between partial search problems assigned to search agents. Employing an agent-based simulation based on the framework of NK landscapes we analyze different temporal change modes of the organizational set-up. The organizational properties under change include, for example, the coordination mechanisms among search agents. Results suggest that inducing organizational dynamics has the potential to increase the effectiveness of distributed adaptive search processes with respect to various performance measures like the final performance achieved at the end of the search, the chance to find the optimal solution of the search problem, or the average performance per period achieved during the search process. However, results also indicate that the mode of temporal change in conjunction with the complexity of the search problem considerably affects the order of magnitude of these beneficial effects. In particular, results suggest that organizational dynamics induces a shift towards more exploration, i.e., discovery of new areas in the fitness landscape, and less exploitation, i.e., stepwise improvement.

Keywords： Agent-based simulation Complexity Coordination Distributed search NK landscapes

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The role of manganese oxides in the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS)

Jianzhi Huang, Huichun Zhang

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2019, Volume 13, Issue 5, doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1158-8

Abstract: Here, the role of MnOx (as both oxidants and catalysts) in the activation of Oxone was briefly discussed

Keywords： Peroxymonosulfate Manganese oxides Catalyst Oxidant

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Mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity: a role of ATP

Frontiers of Medicine 2021, Volume 15, Issue 3, Pages 372-382 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0862-5

Abstract: Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes through the induction of insulin resistance. The mechanism of insulin resistance has been extensively investigated for more than 60 years, but the essential pathogenic signal remains missing. Existing hypotheses include inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglucagonemia, glucotoxicity, and lipotoxicity. Drug discoveries based on these hypotheses are unsuccessful in the development of new medicines. In this review, multidisciplinary literature is integrated to evaluate ATP as a primary signal for insulin resistance. The ATP production is elevated in insulin-sensitive cells under obese conditions independent of energy demand, which we have named “mitochondrial overheating.” Overheating occurs because of substrate oversupply to mitochondria, leading to extra ATP production. The ATP overproduction contributes to the systemic insulin resistance through several mechanisms, such as inhibition of AMPK, induction of mTOR, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglucagonemia, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Insulin resistance represents a feedback regulation of energy oversupply in cells to control mitochondrial overloading by substrates. Insulin resistance cuts down the substrate uptake to attenuate mitochondrial overloading. The downregulation of the mitochondrial overloading by medicines, bypass surgeries, calorie restriction, and physical exercise leads to insulin sensitization in patients. Therefore, ATP may represent the primary signal of insulin resistance in the cellular protective response to the substrate oversupply. The prevention of ATP overproduction represents a key strategy for insulin sensitization.

Keywords： type 2 diabetes energy expenditure mitochondria hyperinsulinemia hyperglucagonemia AMPK

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The role of geometrical features in the architectural-structural interaction: Some case studies of the

Maryam ZANDIYEHVAKILI, Isa HOJAT, Mehdi MAHMUDI

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2019, Volume 13, Issue 3, Pages 716-724 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0508-0

Abstract: This research aims to enhance the interaction between a structure and its architectural form. Having a qualitative approach, the present work discovers some successfully used geometrical features of the Iranian ancient architecture in terms of the architectural-structural interaction. We define four qualitative criteria for this assessment, i.e., construction-ability, cost effectiveness, participation of the structure in fulfillment of the visual, and functional-semantic needs of the architectural form. For this purpose, two case studies including the Jamé Mosque of Isfahan and the Soltaniyeh building are investigated. The outcomes of this research help designers to not only design efficient structures by adapting non-load bearing elements with the general form of the structure, but also meet concepts such as the unity or perfectionism in the structure.

Keywords： architectural-structural interaction geometrical features structure architectural form Iranian ancient architecture

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The role of protein kinase C epsilon in neural signal transduction and neurogenic diseases

Yuan CHEN, Qi TIAN

Frontiers of Medicine 2011, Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 70-76 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0119-9

Abstract: Although it has been extensively characterized in the past decade, the role of PKC ?

Keywords： protein kinase C ? signal transduction neurogenic disease

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Functional role of ATM in the cellular response to DNA damage

Ming LIU, Wenxiang HU

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2011, Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 179-187 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0268-4

Abstract: Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) plays a key role in regulating the cellular response to ionizing

Keywords： ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) cell cycle checkpoint DNA damage signalling transduction

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The role of RAS effectors in BCR/ABL induced chronic myelogenous leukemia

Jessica Fredericks, Ruibao Ren

Frontiers of Medicine 2013, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 452-461 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0304-0

Abstract:

BCR/ABL is the causative agent of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Through structure/function analysis, several protein motifs have been determined to be important for the development of leukemogenesis. Tyrosine177 of BCR is a Grb2 binding site required for BCR/ABL-induced CML in mice. In the current study, we use a mouse bone marrow transduction/transplantation system to demonstrate that addition of oncogenic NRAS (NRASG12D) to a vector containing a BCR/ABL^Y177F mutant “rescues” the CML phenotype rapidly and efficiently. To further narrow down the pathways downstream of RAS that are responsible for this rescue effect, we utilize well-characterized RAS effector loop mutants and determine that the RAL pathway is important for rapid induction of CML. Inhibition of this pathway by a dominant negative RAL is capable of delaying disease progression. Results from the present study support the notion of RAL inhibition as a potential therapy for BCR/ABL-induced CML.

Keywords： BCR/ABL chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) RAS RAL

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The role of ions in plasma catalytic carbon nanotube growth: A review

Erik C. Neyts

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2015, Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 154-162 doi: 10.1007/s11705-015-1515-5

Abstract: Especially the role of ions is unclear, since ions in plasmas are generally associated with sputteringThis review looks at the role of the ions in plasma-enhanced CNT growth as deduced from both experimental

Keywords： plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) carbon nanotube (CNT) ion bombardment defect healing