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2016 Kumamoto earthquake 1

3D deformation retrieval 1

ALOS2 PALSAR2 1

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Conventional SAR interferometry (InSAR) 1

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How diplomacy saved the COP21 Paris Climate Conference, but now, can we save ourselves?

D. Nathaniel MULCAHY, David L. MULCAHY

Frontiers in Energy 2018, Volume 12, Issue 3,   Pages 344-352 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0498-y

Abstract:

To solve a problem, three things are necessary: awareness, means, and will. The 2015 COP21 Paris accord was a masterful, perhaps even world-saving, diplomatic advance toward making the world aware of climate change. Some of that success may have been because publications from the IPCC and the National Academy of Science were made available, on line, as prepublication offerings, in order to be widely viewed before the Paris Climate Conference. This provided diplomats and negotiators with the latest information about climate change, its nearness in time, its consequences, and how well current mitigation technologies can succeed. Whatever the reasons, the Paris Climate Conference, was a success. Leaders of 195 nations agreed that climate change is a real and present danger to life as is known to all. This important understanding was accomplished despite the presentation of well established scientific facts which, without very diplomatic handling, could easily have evoked overwhelming political opposition to an agreement and thus another COP failure. In this paper, the fact that how some scientific truths, written specifically to be overlooked, were presented in order to prepare COP21 participants for the conference is explained. Besides, the effectiveness and efficiency of currently favored mitigation policies, the extent of ongoing progress to better ones, and finally, how a new appreciation of climate change consequences can strengthen the will of nation states and industries to work toward solutions are evaluated.

Keywords: COP21     Paris     climate     agreement     offsets     mitigation     IPCC    

Precise Three-Dimensional Deformation Retrieval in Large and Complex Deformation Areas via Integration of Offsets-Based Article

Won-Kyung Baek, Hyung-Sup Jung

Engineering 2020, Volume 6, Issue 8,   Pages 927-935 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.06.012

Abstract:

Conventional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) has been successfully used to precisely measure surface deformation in the line-of-sight (LOS) direction, while multiple-aperture SAR interferometry (MAI) has provided precise surface deformation in the along-track (AT) direction. Integration of the InSAR and MAI methods enables precise measurement of the two-dimensional (2D) deformation from an interferometric pair; recently, the integration of ascending and descending pairs has allowed the observation of precise three-dimensional (3D) deformation. Precise 3D deformation measurement has been applied to better understand geological events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The surface deformation related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake was large and complex near the fault line; hence, precise 3D deformation retrieval had not yet been attempted. The objectives of this study were to ① perform a feasibility test of precise 3D deformation retrieval in large and complex deformation areas through the integration of offset-based unwrapped and improved multiple-aperture SAR interferograms and ② observe the 3D deformation field related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, even near the fault lines. Two ascending pairs and one descending the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) Phased Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR-2) pair were used for the 3D deformation retrieval. Eleven in situ Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements were used to validate the 3D deformation measurement accuracy. The achieved accuracy was approximately 2.96, 3.75, and 2.86 cm in the east, north, and up directions, respectively. The results show the feasibility of precise 3D deformation measured through the integration of the improved methods, even in a case of large and complex deformation.

Keywords: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)     Conventional SAR interferometry (InSAR)     Multiple-aperture SAR interferometry (MAI)     ALOS2 PALSAR2     3D deformation retrieval     2016 Kumamoto earthquake    

Title Author Date Type Operation

How diplomacy saved the COP21 Paris Climate Conference, but now, can we save ourselves?

D. Nathaniel MULCAHY, David L. MULCAHY

Journal Article

Precise Three-Dimensional Deformation Retrieval in Large and Complex Deformation Areas via Integration of Offsets-Based

Won-Kyung Baek, Hyung-Sup Jung

Journal Article