[ 1 ] Xu J, Gordon JI. Honor thy symbionts. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2003;100(18):10452–9 链接1

[ 2 ] Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol 2016;14(8):e1002533 链接1

[ 3 ] Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, Li S, Zhu J, Zhang F, et alet alA metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 2012;490(7418):55–60 链接1

[ 4 ] Aagaard K,,Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. SciTransl Med 2014;6(237):237ra65.

[ 5 ] Ardissone AN, de la Cruz DM, Davis-Richardson AG, Rechcigl KT, Li N, Drew JC, et alMeconium microbiome analysis identifies bacteria correlated with premature birth. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e90784. Erratum in:PLoS One 2014;9(6):e101399 链接1

[ 6 ] Bobitt JR, Ledger WJ. Unrecognized amnionitis and prematurity: a preliminary report. JReprod Med 1977;19:8–12.

[ 7 ] Moles L, Gómez M, Heilig H, Bustos G, Fuentes S, de Vos W, et alBacterial diversity in meconium of preterm neonates and evolution of their fecal microbiota during the first month of life. PLoS One 2013;8(6):e66986 链接1

[ 8 ] Martiny JBH, Jones SE, Lennon JT, Martiny AC. Microbiomes in light of traits: a phylogenetic perspective. Science 2015;350(6261):aac9323 链接1

[ 9 ] Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature 2012;489(7415):220–30 链接1

[10] Maslowski KM, Mackay CR. Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses. Nat Immunol 2011;12(1):5–9 链接1

[11] Rodríguez JM, Murphy K, Stanton C, Ross RP, Kober OI, Juge N,et alThe composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life. MicrobEcol Health Dis 2015;26:26050 链接1

[12] Lynch SV, Pedersen O. The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. NEngl J Med 2016;375(24):2369–79 链接1

[13] Kelly D, Campbell JI, King TP, Grant G, Jansson EA, Coutts AGP, et alCommensal anaerobic gut bacteria attenuate inflammation by regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of PPAR-γ and RelA. Nat Immunol 2004;5(1):104–12 链接1

[14] Boulangé CL, Neves AL, Chilloux J, Nicholson JK, Dumas ME. Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease. Genome Med 2016;8:42 链接1

[15] Engels C, Ruscheweyh HJ, Beerenwinkel N, Lacroix C, Schwab C. The common gut microbe Eubacteriumhallii also contributes to intestinal propionate formation. Front Microbiol 2016;7:713 链接1

[16] Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, et alIndigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell 2015;161(2):264–76. Erratum in:Cell 2015;163(1):258 链接1

[17] Wikoff WR, Anfora AT, Liu J, Schultz PG, Lesley SA, Peters EC, et alMetabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2009;106(10):3698–703 链接1

[18] Li M, Wang B, Zhang M, Rantalainen M, Wang S, Zhou H, et alSymbiotic gut microbes modulate human metabolic phenotypes. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2008;105(6):2117–22 链接1

[19] Antharam VC, McEwen DC, Garrett TJ, Dossey AT, Li EC, Kozlov AN, et alAn integrated metabolomic and microbiome analysis identified specific gut microbiota associated with fecal cholesterol and coprostanol in Clostridium difficile infection. PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0148824 链接1

[20] O’Connor A, O’Morain CA, Ford AC. Population screening and treatment ofHelicobacter pylori infection. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. Epub 2017Jan5 链接1

[21] Konishi H, Fujiya M, Tanaka H, Ueno N, Moriichi K, Sasajima J, et alProbiotic-derived ferrichrome inhibits colon cancer progression via JNK-mediated apoptosis. Nat Commun 2016;7:12365 链接1

[22] Klein RS, Recco RA, Catalano MT, Edberg SC, Casey JI, Steigbigel NH. Association of Streptococcus bovis with carcinoma of the colon. NEngl J Med 1977;297(15):800–2 链接1

[23] Ruoff KL, Miller SI, Garner CV, Ferraro MJ, Calderwood SB. Bacteremia with Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus salivarius: clinical correlates of more accurate identification of isolates. JClin Microbiol 1989;27(2):305–8.

[24] Huang JQ, Zheng GF, Sumanac K, Irvine EJ, Hunt RH. Meta-analysis of the relationship between cagAseropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2003;125(6):1636–44 链接1

[25] Martin HM, Campbell BJ, Hart CA, Mpofu C, Nayar M, Singh R, et alEnhancedEscherichia coli adherence and invasion in Crohn’s disease and colon cancer. Gastroenterology 2004;127(1):80–93 链接1

[26] Arthur JC, Jobin C. The struggle within: microbial influences on colorectal cancer. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17(1):396–409 链接1

[27] Bellentani S. The epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2017;37(Suppl 1):81–4 链接1

[28] Seto WK, Yuen MF. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia: emerging perspectives. JGastroenterol 2017;52(2):164–74 链接1

[29] Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E,Jin C,Hao L,Mehal WZ,Strowig T,et alet alInflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature 2012;482(7384):179–85 链接1

[30] Wang B, Jiang X, Cao M, Ge J, Bao Q, Tang L, et alAltered fecal microbiota correlates with liver biochemistry in nonobese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2016;6:32002 链接1

[31] Le Roy T, Llopis M, Lepage P, Bruneau A, Rabot S, Bevilacqua C, et alIntestinal microbiota determines development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Gut 2013;62(12):1787–94 链接1

[32] Mouzaki M, Comelli EM, Arendt BM, Bonengel J, Fung SK, Fischer SE, et alIntestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2013;58(1):120–7 链接1

[33] Raman M,,Ahmed I, Gillevet PM, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM, Smith S,et al. Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11(7):868–75.e1–3.

[34] Zhu L, Baker SS, Gill C, Liu W, Alkhouri R, Baker RD, et alCharacterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: a connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH. Hepatology 2013;57(2):601–9 链接1

[35] Boursier J, Mueller O, Barret M, Machado M, Fizanne L, Araujo-Perez F, et alThe severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with gut dysbiosis and shift in the metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Hepatology 2016;63(3):764–75 链接1

[36] Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006;444(7122):1027–31 链接1

[37] Perry RJ, Peng L, Barry NA, Cline GW, Zhang D, Cardone RL, et alAcetate mediates a microbiome–brain–β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome. Nature 2016;534(7606):213–7 链接1

[38] Cani PD, Dewever C, Delzenne NM. Inulin-type fructans modulate gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation (glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin) in rats. Br J Nutr 2004;92(3):521–6 链接1

[39] Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, et alMetabolicendotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2007;56(7):1761–72 链接1

[40] Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A, Kranich J, Sierro F, Yu D, et alRegulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature 2009;461(7268):1282–6 链接1

[41] Ruiz AG, Casafont F, Crespo J, Cayón A, Mayorga M, Estebanez A, et alLipopolysaccharide-binding protein plasma levels and liver TNF-α gene expression in obese patients: evidence for the potential role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Obes Surg 2007;17(10):1374–80 链接1

[42] Rivera CA, Adegboyega P, van Rooijen N, Tagalicud A, Allman M, Wallace M. Toll-like receptor-4 signaling and Kupffer cells play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2007;47(4):571–9 链接1

[43] Sabaté JM, Jou?t P, Harnois F, Mechler C, Msika S, Grossin M, et alet alHigh prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with morbid obesity: a contributor to severe hepatic steatosis. Obes Surg 2008;18(4):371–7 链接1

[44] Miele L, Valenza V, La Torre G, Montalto M, Cammarota G, Ricci R, et alIncreased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2009;49(6):1877–87 链接1

[45] Harte AL, da Silva NF, Creely SJ, McGee KC, Billyard T, Youssef-Elabd EM, et alElevated endotoxin levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JInflamm(Lond) 2010;7:15 链接1

[46] Kapil S, Duseja A, Sharma BK, Singla B, Chakraborti A, Das A, et alSmall intestinal bacterial overgrowth and toll like receptor signaling in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. JGastroenterol Hepatol 2016;31(1):213–21 链接1

[47] Imajo K, Fujita K, Yoneda M, Nozaki Y, Ogawa Y, Shinohara Y, et alHyperresponsivity to low-dose endotoxin during progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is regulated by leptin-mediated signaling. Cell Metab 2012;16(1):44–54 链接1

[48] B?ckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et alThe gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2004;101(44):15718–23 链接1

[49] Ley RE, Backhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2005;102(31):11070–5 链接1

[50] Turnbaugh PJ, B?ckhed F, Fulton L, Gordon JI. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 2008;3(4):213–23 链接1

[51] Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Cheng J, Duncan AE, Kau AL, et alGut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science 2013;341(6150):1241214 链接1

[52] Zhang C, Yin A, Li H, Wang R, Wu G, Shen J, et alet alDietary modulation of gut microbiota contributes to alleviation of both genetic and simple obesity in children. EBioMedicine 2015;2(8):968–84 链接1

[53] Khan MJ, Gerasimidis K, Edwards CA, Shaikh MG. Mechanisms of obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome. Pediatr Obes.Epub2016 Nov 10 链接1

[54] Tilg H, Moschen AR. Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship. Gut 2014;63(9):1513–21 链接1

[55] Larsen N, Vogensen FK, van den Berg FWJ, Nielsen DS, Andreasen AS, Pedersen BK, et alGut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. PLoS One 2010;5(2):e9085 链接1

[56] Karlsson FH, Tremaroli V, Nookaew I, Bergstr?m G, Behre CJ, Fagerberg B, et alGut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature 2013;498(7452):99–103 链接1

[57] Joyce SA, MacSharry J, Casey PG, Kinsella M, Murphy EF, Shanahan F, et alRegulation of host weight gain and lipid metabolism by bacterial bile acid modification in the gut. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2014;111(20):7421–6 链接1

[58] Ghazalpour A, Cespedes I, Bennett BJ, Allayee H. Expanding role of gut microbiota in lipid metabolism. CurrOpin Lipidol 2016;27(2):141–7 链接1

[59] Kishino S, Takeuchi M, Park SB, Hirata A, Kitamura N, Kunisawa J, et alPolyunsaturated fatty acid saturation by gut lactic acid bacteria affecting host lipid composition. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2013;110(44):17808–13 链接1

[60] Koren O, Spor A, Felin J, Fak F, Stombaugh J, Tremaroli V, et alHuman oral, gut, and plaque microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2011;108(Suppl 1):4592–8 链接1

[61] Fu J, Bonder MJ, Cenit MC, Tigchelaar EF, Maatman A, Dekens JAM, et alThe gut microbiome contributes to a substantial proportion of the variation in blood lipids. Circ Res 2015;117(9):817–24 链接1

[62] Wang Z, Klipfell E, Bennett BJ, Koeth R, Levison BS, DuGar B, et alGut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature 2011;472(7341):57–63 链接1

[63] Koeth RA, Levison BS, Culley MK, Buffa JA, Wang Z, Gregory JC, et alγ-Butyrobetaine is a pro-atherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to TMAO. Cell Metab 2014;20(5):799–812 链接1

[64] Bennett BJ, de AguiarVallim TQ, Wang Z, Shih DM, Meng Y, Gregory J, et alTrimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation. Cell Metab 2013;17(1):49–60 链接1

[65] Shih DM, Wang Z, Lee R, Meng Y, Che N, Charugundla S, et alFlavin containing monooxygenase 3 exerts broad effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2015;56(1):22–37 链接1

[66] Warrier M, Shih DM, Burrows AC, Ferguson D, Gromovsky AD, Brown AL, et alThe TMAO-generating enzyme flavin monooxygenase 3 is a central regulator of cholesterol balance. Cell Rep 2015;10(3):326–38 链接1

[67] Wang Z, Roberts AB, Buffa JA, Levison BS, Zhu W, Org E, et alNon-lethal inhibition of gut microbial trimethylamine production for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Cell 2015;163(7):1585–95 链接1

[68] Sarkar A, Lehto SM, Harty S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Burnet PW. Psychobiotics and the manipulation of bacteria-gut-brain signals. Trends Neurosci 2016;39(11):763–81 链接1

[69] Heijtz RD, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Bj?rkholm B, Samuelsson A,et alNormal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2011;108(7):3047–52 链接1

[70] Neufeld KM, Kang N, Bienenstock J, Foster JA. Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice. NeurogastroenterolMotil 2011;23(3):255–64.e119 链接1

[71] Liu J, Sun J, Wang F, Yu X, Ling Z, Li H,et alNeuroprotective effects of Clostridium butyricum against vascular dementia in mice via metabolic butyrate. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:412946.

[72] Ait-Belgnaoui A, Colom A, Braniste V, Ramalho L, Marrot A, Cartier C, et alProbiotic gut effect prevents the chronic psychological stress-induced brain activity abnormality in mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26(4):510–20 链接1

[73] Buffington SA, Di Prisco GV, Auchtung TA, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF, Costa-Mattioli M. Microbial reconstitution reverses maternal diet-induced social and synaptic deficits in offsprin g. Cell 2016;165(7):1762–75 链接1

[74] Hsiao EY, McBride SW, Hsien S, Sharon G, Hyde ER, McCue T, et alMicrobiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell 2013;155(7):1451–63 链接1

[75] Borrelli L, Aceto S, Agnisola C, De Paolo S, Dipineto L, Stilling RM, et alProbiotic modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and behaviour in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2016;6:30046 链接1

[76] Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, et alIngestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagusnerve. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2011;108(38):16050–5 链接1

[77] M?hle L, Mattei D, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, Fischer A, Alutis M, et alet alLy6Chi monocytes provide a link between antibiotic-induced changes in gut microbiota and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2016;15(9):1945–56 链接1

[78] Chen WW, Zhang X, Huang WJ. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016;13(4):3391–6 链接1

[79] Keshavarzian A, Green SJ, Engen PA, Voigt RM, Naqib A, Forsyth CB, et alet alColonic bacterial composition in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disord 2015;30(10):1351–60 链接1

[80] Wu S, Yi J, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Sun J. Leaky intestine and impaired microbiome in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. Physiol Rep 2015;3(4):e12356 链接1

[81] Barrett E, Ross RP, O’Toole PW, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C. γ-Aminobutyric acid production by culturable bacteria from the human intestine. JAppl Microbiol 2012;113(2):411–7 链接1

[82] Brenner SR. Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria in the intestinal micro-flora may produce neurotoxins such as beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) which may be related to development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson-dementia-complex in humans and equine motor neuron disease in horses. Med Hypotheses 2013;80(1):103 链接1

[83] Amato KR, Yeoman CJ, Cerda G, Schmitt CA, Cramer JD, Miller MEB, et alVariable responses of human and non-human primate gut microbiomes to a Western diet. Microbiome 2015;3:53 链接1

[84] Lin H, An Y, Hao F, Wang Y, Tang H. Correlations of fecal metabonomic and microbiomic changes induced by high-fat diet in the pre-obesity state. Sci Rep 2016;6:21618 链接1

[85] David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, et alDiet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 2014;505(7484):559–63 链接1

[86] Zhernakova A, Kurilshikov A, Bonder MJ, Tigchelaar EF, Schirmer M, Vatanen T, et alPopulation-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science 2016;352(6285):565–9 链接1

[87] Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Gratadoux JJ, et alFaecalibacteriumprausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2008;105(43):16731–6 链接1

[88] Osborn DA, Sinn JK. Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity. Cochrane Database SystRev 2007;(4):CD006475.10.1002/14651858.CD006475.pub2 链接1

[89] Walker AW, Ince J, Duncan SH, Webster LM, Holtrop G, Ze X, et alet alDominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISMEJ 2011;5(2):220–30 链接1

[90] Kleessen B, Sykura B, Zunft HJ, Blaut M. Effects of inulin and lactose on fecal microflora, microbial activity, and bowel habit in elderly constipated persons. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(5):1397–402.

[91] Brüssow H. Biome engineering-2020 . Microb Biotechnol 2016;9(5):553–63 链接1

[92] Cox MJ, Huang YJ, Fujimura KE, Liu JT, McKean M, Boushey HA, et alLactobacilluscasei abundance is associated with profound shifts in the infant gut microbiome. PLoS One 2010;5(1):e8745 链接1

[93] Korpela K, Salonen A, Virta LJ, Kumpu M, Kekkonen RA, de Vos WM. Lactobacillusrhamnosus GG intake modifies preschool children’s intestinal microbiota, alleviates penicillin-associated changes, and reduces antibiotic use. PLoS One 2016;11(4):e0154012 链接1

[94] Zhao Y, Wu J, Li JV, Zhou NY, Tang H, Wang Y. Gut microbiota composition modifies fecal metabolic profiles in mice. J Proteome Res 2013;12(6):2987–99 链接1

[95] Dethlefsen L, Relman DA. Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2011;108(Suppl 1):4554–61 链接1

[96] Karlsson FH, Ussery DW, Nielsen J, Nookaew I. A closer look at Bacteroides: phylogenetic relationship and genomic implications of a life in the human gut. Microb Ecol 2011;61(3):473–485 链接1

[97] Jyothi KS, Malini KS, Mamata M, Rao BS. Anti-bacterial response of twelve plants of folk-lore medicine used against diabetismellitus. J Phytol Res 2007;20:161–70.

[98] Eiseman B, Silen W, Bascom GS, Kauvar AJ. Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Surgery 1958;44(5):854–9.

[99] van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, et alet alDuodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. NEngl J Med 2013;368(5):407–15 链接1

[100] Lee CH, Steiner T, Petrof EO, Smieja M, Roscoe D, Nematallah A, et alFrozen vs fresh fecal microbiota transplantation and clinical resolution of diarrhea in patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;315(2):142–9 链接1

[101] Hamilton MJ, Weingarden AR, Unno T, Khoruts A, Sadowsky MJ. High-throughput DNA sequence analysis reveals stable engraftment of gut microbiota following transplantation of previously frozen fecal bacteria. Gut Microbes 2013;4(2):125–35 链接1

[102] Weingarden A, González A, Vázquez-Baeza Y, Weiss S, Humphry G, Berg-Lyons D, et alet alDynamic changes in short-and long-term bacterial composition following fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Microbiome 2015;3:10 链接1

[103] Millan B, Park H, Hotte N, Mathieu O, Burguiere P, Tompkins TA, et alFecal microbial transplants reduce antibiotic-resistant genes in patients with recurrent Clostridium difficileinfection. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62(12):1479–86 链接1