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《中国工程科学》 >> 2024年 第26卷 第3期 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2024.03.012

铂族金属循环利用技术开发现状及展望

1. 南昌大学物理与材料学院,南昌 330031
2. 北京科技大学新材料技术研究院,北京 100083

资助项目 :国家自然科学基金项目(U2002212) 收稿日期: 2024-05-16 修回日期: 2024-06-12

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摘要

铂族金属(PGMs)是汽车、石化、能源、国防装备等领域不可或缺的战略性金属资源,但PGMs矿产资源极度匮乏,供需矛盾突出;开展PGMs循环利用是保障PGMs安全供应、支撑关联产业高质量发展的重要举措。本文分析了PGMs的供给和应用情况,明确了当前PGMs市场的供需态势;全面梳理了PGMs湿法回收(含氰化法、盐酸+氧化剂工艺),火法回收(含铅捕集、铜捕集、锍捕集、铁捕集工艺)的技术特征与应用情况;着重从焙烧 ‒ 浸出、铁捕集 ‒ 酸浸、低温铁捕集 ‒ 电解 ‒ 离心萃取工艺等方面阐述了PGMs火法 ‒ 湿法联合回收技术的研发与应用进展。其中,低温铁捕集 ‒ 电解 ‒ 离心萃取成套工艺延续了低温铁捕集研究思路,通过低熔点渣型设计将铁捕集温度由1800 ℃以上降至约1400 ℃,富集得到Fe-PGMs合金后经电解进一步富集PGMs,再经离心萃取提纯依次得到Pd、Pt、Rh,实现了短流程分离提纯PGMs,具有绿色、高效、低成本的诸多优点。着眼PGMs循环利用产业高质量发展,建议围绕“PGMs富集、分离提纯、污染防控”全流程开展基础研究和技术攻关,加快建设PGMs循环利用全链条标准体系和绿色低碳的产业生态环境,全面开展业务流程的“互联网+”能力建设以实现“回收 ‒ 处理 ‒ 再利用”全流程的智能化。

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