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Disinfection byproducts in drinking water and regulatory compliance: A critical review

Xiaomao WANG,Yuqin MAO,Shun TANG,Hongwei YANG,Yuefeng F. XIE

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 3-15 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0734-1

摘要： Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are regulated in drinking water in a number of countries. This critical review focuses on the issues associated with DBP regulatory compliance, including methods for DBP analysis, occurrence levels, the regulation comparison among various countries, DBP compliance strategies, and emerging DBPs. The regulation comparison between China and the United States (US) indicated that the DBP regulations in China are more stringent based on the number of regulated compounds and maximum levels. The comparison assessment using the Information Collection Rule (ICR) database indicated that the compliance rate of 500 large US water plants under the China regulations is much lower than that under the US regulations (e.g. 62.2% versus 89.6% for total trihalomethanes). Precursor removal and alternative disinfectants are common practices for DBP regulatory compliance. DBP removal after formation, including air stripping for trihalomethane removal and biodegradation for haloacetic acid removal, have gained more acceptance in DBP control. Formation of emerging DBPs, including iodinated DBPs and nitrogenous DBPs, is one of unintended consequences of precursor removal and alternative disinfection. At much lower levels than carbonaceous DBPs, however, emerging DBPs have posed higher health risks.

关键词： Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) drinking water standards regulatory compliance alternative disinfection information collection rule (ICR) emerging DBPs

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Characteristics of typical dissolved black carbons and their influence on the formation of disinfection by-products in chlor(am)ination

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第12期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1585-9

摘要：

● The physicochemical and structural properties of DBC were characterized.

关键词： Dissolved black carbon (DBC) Chlorine Chloramine Disinfection by-products (DBPs) Disinfection by-products formation potential (DBPFP)

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Formation of disinfection by-products during sodium hypochlorite cleaning of fouled membranes from membrane bioreactors

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第5期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1389-3

摘要：

•HAAs was dominant among the DBPs of interest.

关键词： MBR Biofouling EPS Chemical cleaning DBPs CLSM

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Whole pictures of halogenated disinfection byproducts in tap water from China’s cities

Yang PAN,Xiangru ZHANG,Jianping ZHAI

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 121-130 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0727-0

摘要： When bromide/iodide is present in source water, hypobromous acid/hypoiodous acid will be formed with addition of chlorine, chloramine, or other disinfectants. Hypobromous acid/hypoiodous acid undergoes reactions with natural organic matter in source water to form numerous brominated/iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, tap water samples were collected from eight cities in China. With the aid of electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry by setting precursor ion scans of 35, 81, and 126.9, whole pictures of polar chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the tap water samples were revealed for the first time. Numerous polar halogenated DBPs were detected, including haloacetic acids, newly identified halogenated phenols, and many new/unknown halogenated compounds. Total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic iodine were also measured to indicate the total levels of all chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the tap water samples. The total organic chlorine concentrations ranged from 26.8 to 194.0 μg·L as Cl, with an average of 109.2 μg·L as Cl; the total organic bromine concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 113.3 μg·L as Br, with an average of 34.7 μg·L as Br; the total organic iodine concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 16.4 μg·L as I, with an average of 9.1 μg·L as I; the total organic halogen concentrations ranged from 31.3 to 220.4 μg·L as Cl, with an average of 127.2 μg·L as Cl.

关键词： Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) total organic halogen tap water in China

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Concentration levels of disinfection by-products in 14 swimming pools of China

Xiaolu ZHANG,Hongwei YANG,Xiaofeng WANG,Yu ZHAO,Xiaomao WANG,Yuefeng XIE

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第6期页码 995-1003 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0797-7

摘要： Swimming has become a popular exercising and recreational activity in China but little is known about the disinfection by-products (DBPs) concentration levels in the pools. This study was conducted as a survey of the DBPs in China swimming pools, and to establish the correlations between the DBP concentrations and the pool water quality parameters. A total of 14 public indoor and outdoor pools in Beijing were included in the survey. Results showed that the median concentrations for total trihalomethanes (TTHM), nine haloacetic acids (HAA9), chloral hydrate (CH), four haloacetonitriles (HAN4), 1,1-dichloropropanone, 1,1,1-trichloropropanone and trichloronitromethane were 33.8, 109.1, 30.1, 3.2, 0.3, 0.6 µg?L and below detection limit, respectively. The TTHM and HAA9 levels were in the same magnitude of that in many regions of the world. The levels of CH and nitrogenous DBPs were greatly higher than and were comparable to that in typical drinking water, respectively. Disinfection by chlorine dioxide or trichloroisocyanuric acid could substantially lower the DBP levels. The outdoor pools had higher TTHM and HAA9 levels, but lower trihaloacetic acids (THAA) levels than the indoor pools. The TTHM and HAA9 concentrations could be moderately correlated with the free chlorine and total chlorine residuals but not with the total organic carbon (TOC) contents. When the DBP concentration levels from other survey studies were also included for statistical analysis, a good correlation could be established between the TTHM levels and the TOC concentration. The influence of chlorine residual on DBP levels could also be significant.

关键词： disinfection by-products (DBPs) swimming pool correlation total organic carbon (TOC) chlorine residual bather load