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A low-density polyethylene composite with phosphorus-nitrogen based flame retardant and multi-walledcarbon nanotubes for enhanced electrical conductivity and acceptable flame retardancy

Yong Luo, Yuhui Xie, Renjie Chen, Ruizhi Zheng, Hua Wu, Xinxin Sheng, Delong Xie, Yi Mei

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2021年 第15卷 第5期   页码 1332-1345 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2035-0

摘要: Design and exploitation of flame retardant polymers with high electrical conductivity are desired for polymer applications in electronics. Herein, a novel phosphorus-nitrogen intumescent flame retardant was synthesized from pentaerythritol octahydrogen tetraphosphate, phenylphosphonyl dichloride, and aniline. Low-density polyethylene was combined with the flame retardant and multi-walled carbon nanotubes to form a nanocomposite material via a ball-milling and hot-pressing method. The electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, thermal performance, and flame retardancy of the composites were investigated using a four-point probe instrument, universal tensile machine, thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimeter tests, respectively. It was found that the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes can significantly improve the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the low-density polyethylene composites. Furthermore, the combination of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardant remarkably enhances the flame retardancy of matrixes with an observed decrease of the peak heat release rate and total heat release of 49.8% and 51.9%, respectively. This study provides a new and effective methodology to substantially enhance the electrical conductivity and flame retardancy of polymers with an attractive prospect for polymer applications in electrical equipment.

关键词: MWCNTs     PEPA     electrical conductivity     flame retardant     low density polyethylene    

Flame-retardant, recyclable, and hydrothermally degradable epoxy resins and their degradation products

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2024年 第18卷 第12期 doi: 10.1007/s11705-024-2497-y

摘要: To date, sustainable thermosetting polymers and their composites have emerged to address recyclability issues. However, achieving mild degradation of these polymers compromises their comprehensive properties such as flame retardancy and glass transition temperature (Tg). Moreover, the reuse of degradation products after recycling for upcycling remains a significant challenge. This study introduces phosphorus-containing anhydride into tetraglycidyl methylene diphenylamine via a facile anhydride-epoxy curing equilibrium with triethanolamine as a transesterification modifier to successfully prepare flame-retardant, malleable, reprocessable, and easily hydrothermally degradable epoxy vitrimers and recyclable carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites (CFRECs). The composite exhibited excellent flame retardancy and a high Tg of 192 °C, while the presence of stoichiometric primary hydroxyl groups along the ester-bonding crosslinks enabled environmentally friendly degradation (in H2O) at 200 °C without any external catalyst. Under mild degradation conditions, the fibers of the composite material were successfully recycled without being damaged, and the degradation products were reused to create a recyclable adhesive with a peel strength of 3.5 MPa. This work presents a method to produce flame retardants and sustainable CFRECs for maximizing the value of degradation products, offering a new upcycling method for high-end applications.

关键词: epoxy vitrimer     carbon fiber composites     flame retardancy     upcycling    

Flame-retardant properties of

Kumar Sai SMARAN, Rajashekar BADAM, Raman VEDARAJAN, Noriyoshi MATSUMI

《能源前沿(英文)》 2019年 第13卷 第1期   页码 163-171 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0554-2

摘要: This paper focuses on the superiority of organic-inorganic hybrid ion-gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) over commercial electrolytes, such as 1 M LiPF in 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC): dimethyl carbonate (DMC) {1 M LiPF -EC: DMC}, in terms of their flame susceptibility. These ion-gel electrolytes possess ionic liquid monomers, which are confined within the borosilicate or silicate matrices that are ideal for non-flammability. Naked flame tests confirm that the organic-inorganic hybrid electrolytes are less susceptible to flames, and these electrolytes do not suffer from a major loss in terms of weight. In addition, the hybrids are self-extinguishable. Therefore, these hybrids are only oxidized when subjected to a flame unlike other commercial electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries. Supplementary analyses using differential scanning calorimetric studies reveal that the hybrids are glassy until the temperature reaches more than 100°C. The current results are consistent with previously published data on the organic-inorganic hybrids.

关键词: inorganic polymeric borosilicate network     organic-inorganic hybrids     self-extinguishability     nonflammability     lithium batteries     flame-retardants    

A strategy to synthesize phosphorus-containing nickel phyllosilicate whiskers to enhance the flame retardancy

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2024年 第18卷 第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11705-024-2391-7

摘要: To enhance the fire safety and wear resistance of epoxy, phosphorus-containing nickel phyllosilicate whiskers (FP-NiPS) were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal technology, with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene as the organic modifier. The impacts of FP-NiPS on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical and tribological properties of EP composites were explored. The findings demonstrated that 5 wt % FP-NiPS elevated the limiting oxygen index of the EP composite from 23.8% to 28.4%, achieving a V-0 rating during vertical burning tests. FP-NiPS could enhance the thermal stability of epoxy resin (EP) and facilitate the development of a dense and continuous carbon layer, thereby significantly improving the fire safety of the EP composites. The FP-NiPS led to an 8.2% increase in the tensile strength and a 38.8% increase in the elastic modulus of the EP composite, showing outstanding mechanical properties. Furthermore, FP-NiPS showed remarkable potential in enhancing the wear resistance of EP. The wear rate of 1 wt % FP-NiPS is 2.34 × 10−5 mm3·N–1·m–1, a decrease of 66.7% compared to EP. This work provides a novel promising modification method to enhance the fire safety, mechanical and wear resistance properties of EP.

关键词: nickel phyllosilicate     epoxy resin     flame retardant     wear resistance     mechanical property    

Exceptionally flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam composites: synergistic effect of the silicone

Qian Wu, Jincheng Zhang, Shengpeng Wang, Bajin Chen, Yijun Feng, Yongbing Pei, Yue Yan, Longcheng Tang, Huayu Qiu, Lianbin Wu

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2021年 第15卷 第4期   页码 969-983 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-1988-8

摘要: A facile strategy was developed to fabricate flexible polyurethane (PU) foam composites with exceptional flame retardancy. The approach involves the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) into a silicone resin (SiR) solution, which is then deposited onto a PU foam surface via the dip-coating technique and cured. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy measurements demonstrated that the SiR and GO were successfully coated onto the PU skeleton and the intrinsic porous structure of the PU foam remained intact. The effects of SiR and GO on the mechanical and thermal stability and flame retardancy of PU composites were evaluated through compression tests, thermogravimetric analysis, vertical combustion tests, and the limiting oxygen index. The measurement results revealed that the composites (PU@SiR-GO) showed superior flame retardancy and thermal and mechanical stability compared to pristine PU or PU coated with SiR alone. The mechanical and thermal stability and the flame-retardant properties of the PU composites were enhanced significantly with increasing GO content. Based on the composition, microstructure, and surface morphology of PU@SiR-GO composites before and after combustion tests, a possible flame-retardance mechanism is proposed. This work provides a simple and effective strategy for fabricating flame-retardant composites with improved mechanical performance.

关键词: flame retardancy     flexible polyurethane foam     graphene oxide     silicone resin    

Construction of sustainable, colored and multifunctional protein silk fabric using biomass riboflavin sodium phosphate

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2023年 第17卷 第8期   页码 1131-1139 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2321-0

摘要: Riboflavin sodium phosphate has been confirmed as a promising biomass product derived from natural plants. In this paper, a novel method of dyeing and multifunctional modification of silk fabric by impregnation with riboflavin sodium phosphate was proposed, such that protein silk fabric can be endowed with bright yellow color and multi-functionality. The results of this paper confirmed that the pH and concentration of riboflavin sodium phosphate solution are critical factors for dyeing and multifunctional modification. Attractively, the photochromic performance was one of the most distinctive features of the modified silk fabric, and the dyed silk fabric turned into fluorescent green from original yellow under 365 nm ultraviolet lamp. Furthermore, the modified silk fabric exhibited good antibacterial properties with a high inhibition rate of 92% for Escherichia coli. Besides, the flame retardancy of silk fabric was significantly improved after modification. The damaged length of modified silk fabric with 40% owf riboflavin sodium phosphate was lower than 10.4 cm and passed the B1 classification. As revealed by the result of this paper, riboflavin sodium phosphate is sufficiently effective in serving as an eco-friendly multifunctional agent for strengthening the add-value of silk textiles.

关键词: biomass     riboflavin sodium phosphate     silk protein     multifunctional modification     flame retardant    

新型磷系阻燃剂四苯基双酚A二磷酸酯阻燃ABS的应用研究

徐晓楠,卢林刚,陈南,殷全明,王大为

《中国工程科学》 2010年 第12卷 第2期   页码 62-69

摘要:

利用自制的四苯基双酚A二磷酸酯(BDP)及其复配体系制备了阻燃ABS,研究了阻燃ABS的物理机械性能、氧指数(LOI)和垂直燃烧测试性能(UL94)、材料的阻燃性能和烟气释放。试验结果显示:酚醛树脂(NP)的加入可提高BDP阻燃体系的成炭效果,采用BDP/NP= 20 %/5 %的体系阻燃ABS,材料的冲击性能下降了12.00 %,LOI达到29.50 %,UL94阻燃性能达到V-0级,av-HRR和pkHRR分别下降了46.40 %和40.45 %,TTI延长30 s,FGI下降了50.75 %,6 min内的SEA上升了31.30 %,600 ℃时成炭率为7.19 %;采用BDP/NP /APP=20 %/5 %/5 %时,材料的冲击性能降幅为36.00 %,LOI最大可达30.10 %,UL94阻燃性能为V-0级,av-HRR和pkHRR最大分别下降50.11 %和55.58 %,TTI延长35 s ,FGI最大降幅为64.32 %,6 min内的SEA升幅为20.52 %,600 ℃时成炭率为11.15 %;采用BDP/NP/纳米SiO2 =20 %/5 %/7 %时,材料的冲击性能上升了20.00 %,LOI达到31.20 %,UL94阻燃性能达到V-0级,av-HRR和pkHRR分别下降了49.45 %和58.09 %,TTI延长45 s,FGI降幅为68.34 %,6 min内av-SEA升幅为13.00 %,600 ℃时成炭率为16.37 %,阻燃ABS的综合性能最好。

关键词: BDP     ABS     APP     SiO2     阻燃        

一种用于隔热、阻燃和抑烟的可发性聚苯乙烯泡沫的高效绿色多孔黏合剂 Article

李蒙恩, 赵海波, 程金波, 汪婷, 付腾, 张爱泞, 王玉忠

《工程(英文)》 2022年 第17卷 第10期   页码 151-160 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.032

摘要:

为解决建筑保温用可发性聚苯乙烯(EPS)泡沫阻燃、抑烟和隔热之间的矛盾,设计制备了一种新型的基于植酸(PA)改性淀粉的绿色多孔生物基阻燃淀粉(FRS)涂层。FRS可同时起到阻燃剂和黏合剂的作用,自身具有开孔结构,可与EPS珠粒的封闭单元形成多级孔结构,使得所得FRS-EPS泡沫表现出隔热性能,导热率仅27.0 mW⋅(m⋅K)−1。该FRS-EPS 泡沫表现出极低的热释放和烟释放速率,具有优异的阻燃性和抑烟性。比光密度低至121,比纯EPS降低了80.6%。FRS-EPS在垂直燃烧试验中也表现出自熄灭行为,极限氧指数(LOI)值高达35.5%。在酒精灯灼烧30 min 后,FRS-EPS的背部温度仅140 °C,具有优异的耐火性。阻燃机理研究表明,高温下FRS在凝聚相中形成了致密的富磷杂化屏障,气相中形成的含磷化合物实现了阻燃和抑烟。该工作为制备具有优异阻燃性、抑烟性和隔热性的聚合物泡沫提供了新思路。

关键词: 生物基多孔涂层     可发性聚苯乙烯泡沫     低导热率     阻燃性     抑烟性    

Self-extinguishing and transparent epoxy resin modified by a phosphine oxide-containing bio-based derivative

Gang Tang, Ruiqing Zhao, Dan Deng, Yadong Yang, Depeng Chen, Bing Zhang, Xinliang Liu, Xiuyu Liu

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2021年 第15卷 第5期   页码 1269-1280 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2042-1

摘要: A phosphine oxide-containing bio-based curing agent was synthesized by addition reaction between furan derivatives and diphenylphosphine oxide. The molecular structure of the as-prepared bio-based curing agent was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Dynamic mechanical analysis results indicated that with the increase of bio-based curing agent content, the glass transition temperature of epoxy/bio-based curing agent composites decreased, which was related to the steric effect of diphenylphosphine oxide species that possibly hinder the curing reaction as well as the reduction in the cross-linking density by mono-functional N H. By the addition of 7.5 wt-% bio-based curing agent, the resulting epoxy composite achieved UL-94 V-0 rating, in addition to limiting oxygen index of 32.0 vol-%. With the increase of content for the bio-based curing agent, the peak of heat release rate and total heat release of the composites gradually decreased. The bio-based curing agent promoted the carbonization of the epoxy matrix, leading to higher char yield with good thermal resistance. The high-quality char layer served as an effective barrier to retard the diffusion of decomposition volatiles and oxygen between molten polymers and the flame. This study provides a renewable strategy for fabricating flame retardant and transparent epoxy thermoset.

关键词: epoxy resin     flame retardant     furan derivative     diphenylphosphine oxide    

Transient process of methane-oxygen diffusion flame-street establishment in a microchannel

《能源前沿(英文)》 2022年 第16卷 第6期   页码 988-999 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0755-y

摘要: “Flame-street” is an interesting diffusion flame behavior in which a series of flame-segments is separately distributed along the mixing layer in a narrow channel. This experimental phenomenon was experimentally and numerically investigated with the focus on the steady-state, thermo-chemical flame structures in previous literature. In the present paper, the dynamic formation process of a methane-oxygen diffusion flame-street structure was simulated with a reacting flow solver developed based on the open-source framework OpenFOAM. By imposing a certain amount of ignition-energy near the channel outlet, a reaction-kernel was formed and bifurcated. Subsequently, three separate flames were consecutively generated from this kernel and propagated within the channel. The whole process was completed within 15 ms and all the discrete flames were eventually in a steady-state. Interestingly, different propagation features were observed for the three flame segments: The leading flame experienced a flame shape/type change from a tribrachial structure in its fast-propagating phase to a long, trailing diffusion tail after being anchored to the inlet. The successive flame had a much lower propagation speed, keeping its two wing-like (fuel-lean premixed and fuel-rich premixed) structure while moving toward its stabilization location, which was approximately in the middle of the channel. The last flame, after the ignition source was turned-off, was immediately convected a bit downstream, and eventually featured a similar two-branch-like structure as the second one. Moreover, chemical insights for the premixed and diffusion branches of the leading flame were also provided with the change of significance of some key elementary reactions focused on, in order to attain a detailed profiling of the flame-type transition. This paper is a first-ever one discussing the transient formation of flame-streets in literature and is believed to be useful for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of this unique flame characteristics from a dynamic point of view.

关键词: micro-combustion     flame-street     diffusion flame     mixing layer     flame propagation speed    

NC flame pipe cutting machine tool based on open architecture CNC system

Xiaogen NIE, Yanbing LIU

《机械工程前沿(英文)》 2009年 第4卷 第2期   页码 147-152 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0025-x

摘要: Based on the analysis of the principle and flame movement of a pipe cutting machine tool, a retrofit NC flame pipe cutting machine tool (NFPCM) that can meet the demands of cutting various pipes is proposed. The paper deals with the design and implementation of an open architecture CNC system for the NFPCM, many of whose aspects are similar to milling machines; however, different from their machining processes and control strategies. The paper emphasizes on the NC system structure and the method for directly creating the NC file according to the cutting type and parameters. Further, the paper develops the program and sets up the open and module NC system.

关键词: flame pipe cutting     flame incision tracks     CNC     open architecture CNC system    

Molybdenum disulfide@nickel phyllosilicate hybrid for improving the flame retardancy and wear resistance

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2023年 第17卷 第12期   页码 2114-2126 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2357-1

摘要: In this study, nickel phyllosilicate was synthesized based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2@NiPS) by the sol-gel method, and then MoS2@NiPS was used to prepare epoxy composites. The thermal stability, flame retardancy, and frictional performances of epoxy composites were studied. With the addition of 3 wt% MoS2@NiPS, the epoxy composite increased the limiting oxygen index from 23.8% to 26.1% and reduced the vertical burning time from 166 s for epoxy resin to 35 s. The residual char of the epoxy composite increased from 11.8 to 20.2 wt%. MoS2@NiPS promoted the graphitization of the residual char, and facilitated the formation of a dense and continuous char layer, thereby improving the fire safety of epoxy resin. The epoxy composite with 3 wt% MoS2@NiPS had excellent wear resistance property with a wear rate of 2.19 × 10−5 mm3·N–1·m–1, which was 68.8% lower than that of epoxy resin. This study presented a practical approach to improve the frictional and fire resistance of epoxy composites.

关键词: molybdenum disulfide     nickel phyllosilicate     epoxy resin     flame retardancy    

Experimental study on the laminar flame speed of hydrogen/natural gas/air mixtures

Chen DONG, Qulan ZHOU, Xiaoguang ZHANG, Qinxin ZHAO, Tongmo XU, Shi’en HUI

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2010年 第4卷 第4期   页码 417-422 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-0515-8

摘要: Laminar flame speeds of hydrogen/natural gas/air mixtures have been measured over a full range of fuel compositions (0–100% volumetric fraction of H ) and a wide range of equivalence ratio using Bunsen burner. High sensitivity scientific CCD camera is use to capture the image of laminar flame. The reaction zone area is employed to calculate the laminar flame speed. The initial temperature and pressure of fuel air mixtures are 293 K and 1 atm. The laminar flame speeds of hydrogen/air mixture and natural gas/air mixture reach their maximum values 2.933 and 0.374 m/s when equivalence ratios equal to 1.7 and 1.1, respectively. The laminar flame speeds of hydrogen/natural gas/air mixtures rise with the increase of volumetric fraction of hydrogen. Moreover, the increase in laminar flame speed as the volumetric fraction of hydrogen increases presents an exponential increasing trend versus volumetric fraction of hydrogen. Empirical formulas to calculate the laminar flame speeds of hydrogen, natural gas, and hydrogen/natural gas mixtures are also given. Using these formulas, the laminar flame speed at different hydrogen fractions and equivalence ratios can be calculated.

关键词: laminar flame speed     experimental study     Bunsen flame    

Experimental and kinetic study on laminar flame speeds of ammonia/syngas/air at a high temperature and

《能源前沿(英文)》 2022年 第16卷 第2期   页码 263-276 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0791-7

摘要: The laminar flame speeds of ammonia mixed with syngas at a high pressure, temperature, and different syngas ratios were measured. The data obtained were fitted at different pressures, temperatures, syngas ratios, and equivalence ratios. Four kinetic models (the Glarborg model, Shrestha model, Mei model, and Han model) were compared and validated with experimental data. Pathway, sensitivity and radical pool analysis are conducted to find out the deep kinetic insight on ammonia oxidation and NO formation. The pathway analysis shows that H abstraction reactions and NHi combination reactions play important roles in ammonia oxidation. NO formation is closely related to H, OH, the O radical produced, and formation reactions. NO is mainly formed from reaction, HNO+ H= NO+ H2. Furthermore, both ammonia oxidation and NO formation are sensitive to small radical reactions and ammonia related reactions.

关键词: ammonia mixed with syngas     laminar flame speed     kinetic model     sensitivity analysis     pathway analysis    

Numerical modeling of external light gauge steel framed wall systems exposed to bushfire flame zone conditions

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2024年 第18卷 第9期   页码 1424-1444 doi: 10.1007/s11709-024-1106-y

摘要: Bushfire-related building losses cause adverse economic impacts to countries prone to bushfires. Building materials and components play a vital role in reducing these impacts. However, due to high costs of experimental studies and lack of numerical studies, the heat transfer behavior of building’s external components in bushfire-prone areas has not been adequately investigated. Often large-scale heat transfer models are developed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools, and the availability of CFD models for heat transfer in building components improves the understanding of the behavior of systems and systems of systems. Therefore, this paper uses a numerical modeling approach to investigate the bushfire/wildfire resistance of external Light gauge Steel Framed (LSF) wall systems. Both full-scale and small-scale heat transfer models were developed for the LSF wall systems. Experimental results of six internal and external LSF wall systems with varying plasterboard thickness and cladding material were used to validate the developed models. The study was then extended to investigate the bushfire resistance of seven external wall systems under two different bushfire flame zone conditions. The results illustrate the significant effects of fire curves, LSF wall components and configuration on the heat transfer across the walls. They have shown 1) the favorable performance of steel cladding and Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) panels when used on the external side of wall systems and 2) the adequacy of thin-walled steel studs’ load-bearing capacity during bushfire exposures. This study has shown that most of the investigated external LSF walls could be reused with cost-effective retrofitting such as replacing the Fire Side (FS) steel cladding after bushfire exposures. Overall, this study has advanced the understanding of the behavior of external light steel framed walls under bushfire flame zone conditions.

关键词: bushfires     flame zone     external light gauge steel framed walls     heat transfer analyses     numerical models    

标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

A low-density polyethylene composite with phosphorus-nitrogen based flame retardant and multi-walledcarbon nanotubes for enhanced electrical conductivity and acceptable flame retardancy

Yong Luo, Yuhui Xie, Renjie Chen, Ruizhi Zheng, Hua Wu, Xinxin Sheng, Delong Xie, Yi Mei

期刊论文

Flame-retardant, recyclable, and hydrothermally degradable epoxy resins and their degradation products

期刊论文

Flame-retardant properties of

Kumar Sai SMARAN, Rajashekar BADAM, Raman VEDARAJAN, Noriyoshi MATSUMI

期刊论文

A strategy to synthesize phosphorus-containing nickel phyllosilicate whiskers to enhance the flame retardancy

期刊论文

Exceptionally flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam composites: synergistic effect of the silicone

Qian Wu, Jincheng Zhang, Shengpeng Wang, Bajin Chen, Yijun Feng, Yongbing Pei, Yue Yan, Longcheng Tang, Huayu Qiu, Lianbin Wu

期刊论文

Construction of sustainable, colored and multifunctional protein silk fabric using biomass riboflavin sodium phosphate

期刊论文

新型磷系阻燃剂四苯基双酚A二磷酸酯阻燃ABS的应用研究

徐晓楠,卢林刚,陈南,殷全明,王大为

期刊论文

一种用于隔热、阻燃和抑烟的可发性聚苯乙烯泡沫的高效绿色多孔黏合剂

李蒙恩, 赵海波, 程金波, 汪婷, 付腾, 张爱泞, 王玉忠

期刊论文

Self-extinguishing and transparent epoxy resin modified by a phosphine oxide-containing bio-based derivative

Gang Tang, Ruiqing Zhao, Dan Deng, Yadong Yang, Depeng Chen, Bing Zhang, Xinliang Liu, Xiuyu Liu

期刊论文

Transient process of methane-oxygen diffusion flame-street establishment in a microchannel

期刊论文

NC flame pipe cutting machine tool based on open architecture CNC system

Xiaogen NIE, Yanbing LIU

期刊论文

Molybdenum disulfide@nickel phyllosilicate hybrid for improving the flame retardancy and wear resistance

期刊论文

Experimental study on the laminar flame speed of hydrogen/natural gas/air mixtures

Chen DONG, Qulan ZHOU, Xiaoguang ZHANG, Qinxin ZHAO, Tongmo XU, Shi’en HUI

期刊论文

Experimental and kinetic study on laminar flame speeds of ammonia/syngas/air at a high temperature and

期刊论文

Numerical modeling of external light gauge steel framed wall systems exposed to bushfire flame zone conditions

期刊论文