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微粒子和纳米颗粒 1

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Iron oxidation-reduction and its impacts on cadmium bioavailability in paddy soils: a review

Chunhua ZHANG, Ying GE, Huan YAO, Xiao CHEN, Minkun HU

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 509-517 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0394-y

摘要： Redox conditions in paddy soils may vary as they are submerged and drained during rice growth. This change may bring about reductive dissolution of iron (Fe) oxides and subsequent formation of secondary Fe-bearing minerals in rice paddies. The mobility and bioavailability of metal contaminants such as cadmium (Cd) in paddy soils are closely related to the chemical behaviors of Fe. Therefore, in this paper, advances in the study of paddy Fe redox transformations and their effects on Cd availability to rice are briefly reviewed. Current concepts presented in this review include the forms of Fe in paddy soils, the reactions involved in Fe oxidation-reduction, chemical factors affecting Fe redox processes, Cd availability to rice and the impacts of Fe transformation on Cd uptake and translocation in rice. Prospects for future research in this area are also discussed.

关键词： paddy soil redox iron cadmium bioavailability rice

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Effects of rape straw and red mud on extractability and bioavailability of cadmium in a calcareous soil

Junxing YANG,Liqun WANG,Jumei LI,Dongpu WEI,Shibao CHEN,Qingjun GUO,Yibing MA

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 419-428 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0674-9

摘要： Screening of cost-effective soil amendments is important to develop “ ” remediation techniques for cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils. In this study, different soil amendments, including red mud, a by-product of the alumina industry, and acid-treated, nano-treated by nano-particle milling, nano and acid-treated red muds, zeolite, corn straw, and rape straw, were evaluated to immobilize Cd in two added levels (2 and 5 mg Cd·kg soil) in a calcareous soil by single and sequential extractions and by cucumber ( L.) pot experiments. Results indicated that cruciferous rape straw significantly decreased the concentrations of water soluble, extractable Cd in soils, and Cd in cucumber plants, and it was more effective than gramineous corn straw. Also, red mud generally decreased the extractability and bioavailability of Cd added to calcareous soils more effectively than zeolite. Furthermore, the efficiency of red mud could be increased by the treatment of nano-particle milling due to the increase in specific surface area of red mud. It is potential to use rape straw and red mud as soil amendments to develop a cost-effective and efficient “ ” remediation technology for Cd mildly contaminated calcareous soils.

关键词： red mud rape straw cadmium immobilization calcareous soil

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Mitigation and remediation technologies for organic contaminated soils

Lizhong ZHU, Li LU, Dong ZHANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 373-386 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0253-7

摘要： Organic contaminated soils have become a widespread environmental problem, which may lead to a great threat to the quality of agricultural production and to human health. Physical, chemical, and biological technologies have been employed for the mitigation and remediation of organic contaminated soils. This paper reviews the progress of mitigation and remediation technologies for organic contaminated soils and suggests two different strategies for the mitigation of ‘slightly-contaminated’ agricultural soils and the remediation of ‘heavily-contaminated’ soils/sites, respectively. On this basis, directions for future research in this field are suggested.

关键词： organic contaminated soil mitigation remediation bioavailability

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Biochars derived from carp residues: characteristics and copper immobilization performance in water environments

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1672-6

摘要：

● P-rich carp residues-derived biochars presented excellent Cu sorption capacity.

关键词： Biowaste Pyrolytic temperature Immobilization Bioavailability Remediation

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Exposure-response of Cr(III)-organic complexes to Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Nivedita CHATTERJEE, Zejiao LUO,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第2期页码 196-202 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0008-5

摘要： Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] bioreduction produces soluble Cr(III)-organic complexes. The Cr(III)-organic complexes are relatively stable once they are formed, and no data about their toxicity were reported. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the bioavailability and toxicity of the soluble Cr(III)-organic complexes. L-1 wild type yeast strain was chosen as the model organism and Cr(III)-citrate was selected as the representative compound of the Cr(III)-organic complexes. The short-term chronic aquatic toxicity tests of the Cr(III)-citrate was explored by measuring growth inhibition, direct viable cell count, dry biomass, biosorption, and the amount of CO production. Cr(III)-citrate exerted a toxicity of 51mg/L with an , which was calculated from the percent growth inhibition. These toxicity data would be helpful to define the toxic potential of the organo-chromium-III compounds in the environment.

关键词： Cr(III)-organic complexes Saccharomyces cerevisiae toxicity EC50 bioavailability

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载有穿心莲内酯的微乳液和纳米乳液制剂——改善“苦味之王” 的生物利用度、靶组织分布及功效 Review

Marta Casamonti, Laura Risaliti, Giulia Vanti, Veri Piazzini, Maria Camilla Bergonzi, Anna Rita Bilia

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第1期页码 69-75 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.12.004

摘要：

穿心莲内酯（AG）为爵床科植物穿心莲（Andrographis paniculata）的特征性成分。该植物为亚洲著名药用植物，在印度、中国和泰国得到广泛使用。《中华人民共和国药典》（简称《中国药典》）收载了中药穿心莲的药材标准，记载这种草药的煎剂可“清热、解毒、消肿”。穿心莲具有众多潜在活性，从抗炎到抗糖尿病作用，从神经保护到抗肿瘤活性，从保肝到抗肥胖特性。然而，AG的生物利用度较低、水溶性较差，因此限制了给药后在体内的分布和积累。此外，AG在胃肠道碱性和酸性环境中不稳定，据报道其半衰期极为短暂。在为提高AG的水溶性和渗透性而采取的各种策略中，技术途径是开发适合的给药系统最有用的方法。本文综述了与载有AG的微粒（MP）和纳米颗粒（NP）相关的已有研究工作。目前已开发出基于聚乳酸- 羟基乙酸（PLGA）、海藻酸和葡聚糖衍生物的微粒，分别用于肠胃外口服和肺部给药。NP包括囊泡（脂质体和类脂质体）、聚合NP（基于聚乙烯醇、聚合苯基硼酸、PLGA、人血清白蛋白、聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯和聚合物胶束）、固体脂质NP、微乳液（ME）和纳米乳液（NE）、黄金NP、纳米晶体和纳米混悬液。据报道，所述载有AG的给药系统的生物利用度、靶组织分布和功效都得到了优化。

关键词：穿心莲爵床科穿心莲内酯给药系统微粒子和纳米颗粒提高生物利用度靶组织分布

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Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth

Jiwan SINGH,Ajay S. KALAMDHAD

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第1期页码 93-102 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0704-7

摘要： Composting is attractive and inexpensive method for treatment and biomass disposal of water hyacinth. However, the major disadvantage of water hyacinth composting is the high content of heavy metals in the final compost. Addition of lime sludge significantly reduced most bioavailable fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) of heavy metals. Studies were carried on composting of water hyacinth ( ) with cattle manure and sawdust (6:3:1 ratio) and effects of addition of lime (1%, 2% and 3%) on heavy metal speciation were evaluated during 30 days of composting period. The Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate the changes in speciation of heavy metals such as Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) during water hyacinth composting. Effects of physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH and organic matter on speciation of heavy metals were also studied during the process. Results showed that, the total metal content was increased during the composting process. The higher reduction in bioavailability factor (BF) of Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd and Cr was observed in lime 2 treatment about 62.1%, 64.4%, 71.9%, 62.1% and 58.9% respectively; however higher reduction in BF of Zn and Pb was observed in lime 1 treatment during the composting process. Reducible and oxidizable fractions of Ni, Pb and Cd were not observed during the process. Addition of lime was very effective for reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth with cattle manure and sawdust.

关键词： composting lime heavy metals bioavailability factor speciation

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Performance and mechanism for cadmium and lead adsorption from water and soil by corn straw biochar

Tong Chi,Jiane Zuo,Fenglin Liu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0921-y

摘要： Corn straw biochar prepared under 400 °C was the best Cd and Pb adsorption capacity Maximum adsorption capacity of Cd and Pb were 43.48 and 22.73 mg·g , respectively The dominant mechanism of Cd and Pb adsorption was precipitation Biochar could reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals when mixed with soil Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in water and soil could be adsorbed by biochar produced from corn straw. Biochar pyrolyzed under 400°C for 2 h could reach the ideal removal efficiencies (99.24% and 98.62% for Cd and Pb, respectively) from water with the biochar dosage of 20 g·L and initial concentration of 20 mg·L . The pH value of 4–7 was the optimal range for adsorption reaction. The adsorption mechanism was discussed on the basis of a range of characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman analysis; it was concluded as surface complexation with active sorption sites (-OH, -COO-), coordination with π electrons (C= C, C= O) and precipitation with inorganic anions (OH , CO , SO ) for both Cd and Pb. The sorption isotherms fit Langmuir model rather than Freundlich model, and the saturated sorption capacities for Cd and Pb were 38.91 mg·g and 28.99 mg·g , respectively. When mixed with soil, biochar could effectively increase alkalinity and reduce bioavailability of heavy metals. Thus, biochar derived from corn straw would be a green material for both removal of heavy metals and amelioration of soil.

关键词： Corn straw Biochar Heavy metals Sorption isotherm Bioavailability

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Nanocrystal technology for drug formulation and delivery

Tzu-Lan CHANG, Honglei ZHAN, Danni LIANG, Jun F. LIANG

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 1-14 doi: 10.1007/s11705-015-1509-3

摘要： With the development of modern technology like high throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry and computer aid drug design, the drug discovery process has been dramatically accelerated. However, new drug candidates often exhibit poor aqueous or even organic medium solubility. Additionally, many of them may have low dissolution velocity and low oral bioavailability. Nanocrystal formulation sheds new light on advanced drug development. Due to small (nano- or micro- meters) sizes, the increased surface-volume ratio leads to dramatically enhanced drug dissolution velocity and saturation solubility. The simplicity in preparation and the potential for various administration routes allow drug nanocrystals to be a novel drug delivery system for specific diseases (i.e. cancer). In addition to the comprehensive review of different technologies and methods in drug nanocrystal preparation, suspension, and stabilization, we will also compare nano- and micro-sized drug crystals in pharmaceutical applications and discuss current nanocrystal drugs on the market and their limitations.

关键词： drug nanocrystal nanotechnology formulation bioavailability stabilizers drug delivery