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Cost-benefit analysis of China’s national air pollution control plan

Jing ZHANG, Hongqiang JIANG, Wei ZHANG, Guoxia MA, Yanchao WANG, Yaling LU, Xi HU, Jia ZHOU, Fei PENG, Jun BI, Jinnan WANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第4期页码 524-537 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0074-8

摘要： China’s rapid economic growth has caused severe air pollution and public health problems. Therefore, the Chinese government launched the National Air Pollution Control Plan (hereinafter referred to as the “Air Plan”) in 2013–2017 to improve air quality and safeguard public health. In this study, an analytical framework for a cost-benefit analysis applicable to China was constructed, and the costs and benefits of the implementation of the “Air Plan” in 30 cities and provinces in China from 2013 to 2017 were evaluated. Results show that the total cost of implementation of the “Air Plan” is 1.6511 trillion RMB. The benefits of air quality improvement were determined to be 2.4691 trillion RMB through the willingness-to-pay method to calculate the economic loss of premature deaths. The net benefit related to the implementation of the “Air Plan” was 818 billion RMB. The public health benefit of air quality improvement was 1.5 times the cost of the nationwide implementation of the “Air Plan”. At the provincial level, net benefits that reach 279.3 billion RMB were the highest in Guangdong, whereas the benefit-cost ratio, where the benefit was 5.5 times the cost, was the highest in Fujian. Estimations in this study can serve as a reference for China in formulating similar environmental policies and implementing the “3-year Plan to Defend the Blue Sky”. In addition, these estimations have practical significance for advancing the long-term effective mechanisms of the cost-benefit analysis of China’s environmental policies.

关键词： Air Plan cost-benefit analysis health benefits environmental policy

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Techno-economic characteristics of wastewater treatment plants retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge process to the membrane bioreactor process

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1483-6

摘要：

While a growing number of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are being retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process to the membrane bioreactor (MBR) process, the debate on the techno-economy of MBR vs. CAS has continued and calls for a thorough assessment based on techno-economic valuation.

关键词： Membrane bioreactor (MBR) Conventional activated sludge (CAS) Cost-benefit analysis Data envelopment analysis Net profit

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Power to gas: addressing renewable curtailment by converting to hydrogen

Xiaohe YAN, Xin ZHANG, Chenghong GU, Furong LI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第4期页码 560-568 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0588-5

摘要： Renewable energy is the key to meeting increasing electricity demand and the decarburization targets in the generation mix. However, due to constrained power network capacity, a large volume of renewable generation is curtailed particularly from wind power, which is a huge waste of resources. There are typically three approaches to addressing excessive renewable: direct curtailment, the reinforcement of networks to expand transfer capacity, and the conversion of excessive renewable into other energy types, such as hydrogen, to transport. The costs and benefits of the three approaches could vary significantly across location, time, and penetration of renewable energy. This paper conducts a cost-benefit analysis and comparison of the three techniques to address wind curtailment. It uses a reduced 16-busbar UK transmission network to analyze the performance of the three approaches. The UK 2020 generation mix is used to quantify the saved renewable energy and incurred costs. The payback time and net present value of the two investment techniques are compared. From demonstration, it is reasonable to conclude that converting excessive wind power into hydrogen to transport is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way to address wind curtailment.

关键词： blending hydrogen cost-benefit analysis electrolysis wind curtailment

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The German Energiewende and its roll-out of renewable energies: An economic perspective

Sebastian KREUZ, Felix MÜSGENS

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 126-134 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0467-5

摘要： This paper gives a short overview of the German Energiewende, i.e. the transition of a large and mostly thermal electricity system towards electricity generation from renewable energy source. It discusses both, the motivation of the transitions as future goals and current status. Furthermore, it gives an in-depth view into the changes in economic costs for society as well as electricity price effects, especially for average private households and industrial consumers. It also discusses the benefits of the promotion of renewable energies in Germany.

关键词： electricity system renewable energy cost-benefit analysis

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Ecological compensation mechanism for urban green land and its application in Shanghai, China

WANG Yan, DING Xiaowen, QIAN Longxia, WANG Hongrui

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第3期页码 320-324 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0054-9

摘要： Urban green land compensation plays an important role in county development, ecological environment management and many other fields. The concept, methods and principles of urban green land are introduced in this paper. According to the pay fee method, the value and ecological function of various types of urban green land were analyzed. The cost-benefit analysis method (CBAM) was used to estimate different external diseconomy benefits caused by green land loss. The authors applied CBAM to estimate such benefits in the case of Shanghai, China, and calculated the actual compensation value for green land. Results indicated that in 2002, the compensation value for the green land of Shanghai was RMB 8.58 × 10 Yuan/hm.

关键词： development Yuan/hm different external concept cost-benefit analysis

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Economics analysis of food waste treatment in China and its influencing factors

Ting Chen, Yingying Zhao, Xiaopeng Qiu, Xiaoyan Zhu, Xiaojie Liu, Jun Yin, Dongsheng Shen, Huajun Feng

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1325-y

摘要： Abstract • Economics of food waste treatment projects at 29 pilot cities in China was examined. • Roles of location, population size, processing technique, and income were studied. • Economic benefits were limited with a profit to cost ratio of 0.08±0.37. • Service population size affects construction economics significantly (P = 0.016). • Choice of food waste processing technique affects operating economics notably. This study examines the economic benefits of food waste treatment projects in China and factors affecting them. National-level pilot projects for food waste treatment located in 29 cities were selected as samples. The economics of food waste recycling from the investors’ perspective, in terms of investment during the construction phase and cost and benefit during the operation phase, was assessed. Results indicate that the average tonnage investment of food waste treatment projects was RMB 700.0±188.9 thousand yuan, with a profit to cost ratio of 0.08±0.37. This ratio increased to 0.95±0.57 following the application of government subsidies. It highlights the limited economic benefits of food waste treatment facilities, which rely on government subsidies to maintain their operations in China. Further analysis using a multi-factor analysis model revealed that regional location, service population size, processing techniques, and urban income exerted varying impacts on the economy of food waste treatment. Population size exerted the highest impact (P = 0.016) during the construction stage, and processing techniques notably influenced the project economy during the operation stage. The study highlights the need to prioritize service population size and processing techniques during economic decision-making and management of food waste recycling projects. The results of this study can serve as a valuable practical reference for guiding future policies regarding food waste treatment and related planning.

关键词： Recycling economics Cost-benefit Food waste treatment Subsidy Food waste economy Circular economy

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Reactive power deployment and cost benefit analysis in DNO operated distribution electricity markets

Atma Ram GUPTA,Ashwani KUMAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期页码 86-98 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0456-8

摘要： The aim of this paper is to analyze unbalanced radial distribution systems (UBRDS) with the distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM). The main objectives of this paper are D-STATCOM allocation in UBRDS with an objective of providing reactive power support to enhance voltage profile and reduce line losses of the distribution network, determination of optimal D-STATCOM rating subjected to minimization of total cost, and impact of D-STATCOM placement on improving power factor and savings in cost of energy loss. The analysis is conducted on a large industrial load model with light, medium and high loading scenarios. Further, the impact of load growth is also considered for better planning of the power distribution system. The results are obtained on standard 25-bus UBRDS to check the feasibility of the proposed methodology.

关键词： unbalanced distribution system D-STATCOM voltage sensitivity index load models load growth distribution network operator (DNO)

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Benefit-based cost allocation for residentially distributed photovoltaic systems in China: A cooperative

Xi LUO, Xiaojun LIU, Yanfeng LIU, Jiaping LIU, Yaxing WANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第2期页码 271-283 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0083-7

摘要： Distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems have constantly been the key to achieve a low-carbon economy in China. However, the development of Chinese distributed PV systems has failed to meet expectations because of their irrational profit and cost allocations. In this study, the methodology for calculating the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for PV is thoroughly discussed to address this issue. A mixed-integer linear programming model is built to determine the optimal system operation strategy with a benefit analysis. An externality-corrected mathematical model based on Shapley value is established to allocate the cost of distributed PV systems in 15 Chinese cities between the government, utility grid and residents. Results show that (i) an inverse relationship exists between the LCOEs and solar radiation levels; (ii) the government and residents gain extra benefits from the utility grid through net metering policies, and the utility grid should be the highly subsidized participant; (iii) the percentage of cost assigned to the utility grid and government should increase with the expansion of battery bank to weaken the impact of demand response on increasing theoretical subsidies; and (iv) apart from the LCOE, the local residential electricity prices remarkably impact the subsidy calculation results.

关键词： solar photovoltaic cost allocation cooperative game theory Shapley value mixed-integer linear programming levelized cost of energy

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基于成本收益分析的集成测试序列生成优化方法 Research Article

孟繁祎1,王莹1,2,于海1,朱志良1

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第23卷第5期页码 692-714 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100466

摘要：集成测试是面向对象软件测试的重要组成部分。传统的类级集成测试顺序研究策略大多围绕如何降低测试成本开展工作，并未考虑赋予可靠性风险较大的节点较高测试优先级，从而影响软件测试效率。本文提出一种兼顾测试成本与测试效率的方法生成集成测试序列。根据软件在不同场景下的运行状态，将其映射成多层动态执行网络（multi-layer dynamic execution network，MDEN）。借助该网络模型与概率风险评估方法为软件中每一个类赋予风险权重。利用成本收益分析方法，在生成测试用例的过程中保证两条原则：为高风险的类赋予较高权重，同时最小化测试桩复杂度。在此基础上，分析测试序列对软件系统总体运行风险的影响，从而提出评估测试序列优劣的度量方案。通过与现有算法的实验对比分析，证明所提算法生成的类级集成测试序列能有效降低测试代价。最后，将所提算法实现为自动生成集成测试序列的开源工具ITOsolution。

关键词：集成测试序列；成本收益分析；概率风险分析；复杂网络

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权逸飞：配额制下可再生能源消纳目标的省间分配方法——基于福利经济学视角的成本收益分析（2020年7月11日）

2022年05月19日

关键词：能源

Estimating the number of Chinese cancer patients eligible for and benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第5期页码 773-783 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0902-1

摘要： The total number of cancer patients who are eligible for and will benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in China has not been quantified. This cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the number of Chinese cancer patients with eligibility and response to ICIs based on the 2015 Chinese cancer statistics and the immune checkpoint inhibitor clinical practice guideline of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology. A total of 11 ICIs were recommended for 17 cancer types. The estimated number of eligible patients annually was 1 290 156 (55.18%), which included 888 738 males (60.05%) and 400 468 females (46.67%). The estimated number of responders annually was 448 972 (19.20%), which included 309 023 males (20.88%) and 139 764 females (16.29%). Gastric cancer (n=291 000, 12.45%), non-small-cell lung cancer (n=289 629, 12.39%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (n=277 100, 11.85%) were the top three cancer types with the highest number of eligible patients. Non-small-cell lung cancer (n=180 022, 7.70%), hepatocellular carcinoma (n=75 648, 3.24%), and small-cell lung cancer (n=64 362, 2.75%) were the top three cancer types with the highest number of responders. In conclusion, ICIs provide considerable benefit in Chinese cancer patients under optimal estimation.

关键词： benefit China eligibility immune checkpoint inhibitor public health

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Ecosystem service tradeoff between traditional and modern agriculture: a case study in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China

Dan ZHANG, Qingwen MIN, Moucheng LIU, Shengkui CHENG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第5期页码 743-752 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0385-4

摘要： Besides crops, agriculture supplies all three major categories of ecosystem services (ES). However, agriculture also supplies an array of ecosystem dis-services (EDS) that may harm other ecosystems. The flows of ES and EDS are directly dependent on the management of agricultural ecosystems. The traditional method of Chinese agriculture, which supports sustainable agriculture, has been proven to increase ES and reduce EDS. However, there is a lack of a detailed understanding of the ES and EDS associated with traditional agriculture, and also of differences between traditional and modern agriculture. In this study, an investigation was conducted on the ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem dis-services (EDS) of traditional and modern agriculture in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China. Afterwards, the economic values of ES and EDS were quantified experimentally and calculated based on the market price. The results show that: the net economic value of traditional rice-fish agriculture was 3.31×10 CNY·ha (6.83 CNY= 1 USD as of July, 2009) and that of rice monoculture was 1.99×10 CNY·ha . Significant differences existed between traditional rice-fish and rice monoculture fields for their economic values of some ES or EDS. A benefit and cost analysis (BCA) model was used to adjust the conflict between the economic income and environmental loss from traditional and modern agriculture. The BCA model not only calculates the net income but also monetizes the EDS of the agricultural systems. The results showed that the net income of rice-fish agriculture was 1.94×10 CNY·ha higher than that of rice monoculture. However, the benefit to cost ratio (BCR) of rice-fish agriculture was lower than that of rice monoculture, indicating that the traditional agricultural model was not the most optimized choice for farmers. The value of the rice-fish agriculture was much higher than that of the rice monoculture. Thus, when considering the benefits that rice-fish agriculture contributes to the large-scale society, these agricultural methods needs to be utilized. Furthermore, the labor opportunity costs were calculated and the comprehensive value of rice monoculture was negative. Finally, the compensation standard was calculated based on the comprehensive benefit analysis. The lowest level was 1.09×10 CNY·ha , and the highest level was 1.21×10 CNY·ha .

关键词： traditional agriculture rice-fish agriculture rice monoculture benefit and cost analysis (BCA) ecosystem services (ES) ecosystem dis-services (EDS)

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我国碳捕集利用与封存技术发展研究

张贤,李阳,马乔,刘玲娜

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第6期页码 70-80 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.06.004

摘要：

碳捕集利用与封存（ CCUS）是实现碳中和目标不可或缺的重要技术选择。为了系统梳理技术发展现状、明确未来发展方向，本文对我国 CCUS 技术水平、示范进展、成本效益、潜力需求等进行了全面评估。我国 CCUS 技术发展迅速，与国际整体发展水平相当，目前处于工业化示范阶段，但部分关键技术落后于国际先进水平。在工业示范方面，我国具备了大规模捕集利用与封存的工程能力，但在项目规模、技术集成、海底封存、工业应用等方面与国际先进水平还存在差距。在减排潜力与需求方面，我国理论封存容量和行业减排需求极大，考虑源汇匹配之后不同地区陆上封存潜力差异较大。在成本效益方面，尽管当前 CCUS 技术成本较高，但未来可有效降低实现碳中和目标的整体减排成本。为此建议，加快构建 CCUS 技术体系，推进全链条集成示范，加快管网布局和基础设施建设，完善财税激励政策和法律法规体系。

关键词：碳中和，CCUS，技术研发与示范，减排潜力，成本与效益

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泰州大桥施工营地太阳能利用综合效益分析

丁志群,徐俊,李明

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第4期页码 100-103

摘要：

以泰州大桥北塔，北锚施工营地为对象，从粉尘、SO₂排放以及能源消耗等方面，分析了太阳能利用对比于普通燃煤锅炉对环境的影响，发现太阳能利用能明显地改善营地的环境。

关键词：泰州大桥施工营地太阳能综合效益(环境效益、经济效益)

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Life-cycle cost analysis of optimal timing of pavement preservation

Zilong WANG,Hao WANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第1期页码 17-26 doi: 10.1007/s11709-016-0369-3

摘要： Optimal application of pavement preservation or preventive maintenance is critical for highway agencies to allocate the limited budget for different treatments. This study developed an integrated life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) model to quantify the impact of pavement preservation on agency cost and vehicle operation cost (VOC) and analyzed the optimal timing of preservation treatments. The international roughness index (IRI) data were extracted from the long-term pavement performance (LTPP) program specific pavement studies 3 (SPS-3) to determine the long-term effectiveness of preservation treatments on IRI deterioration. The traffic loading and the initial IRI value significantly affects life extension and the benefit of agency cost caused by pavement preservation. The benefit in VOC is one to two orders greater in magnitude as compared to the benefit in agency cost. The optimal timing calculated based on VOC is always earlier than the optimal timing calculated based on agency cost. There are considerable differences among the optimal timing of three preservation treatments.

关键词： pavement preservation life-cycle cost analysis agency cost vehicle operation cost

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标题作者时间类型操作

Cost-benefit analysis of China’s national air pollution control plan

Jing ZHANG, Hongqiang JIANG, Wei ZHANG, Guoxia MA, Yanchao WANG, Yaling LU, Xi HU, Jia ZHOU, Fei PENG, Jun BI, Jinnan WANG

期刊论文

Techno-economic characteristics of wastewater treatment plants retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge process to the membrane bioreactor process

期刊论文

Power to gas: addressing renewable curtailment by converting to hydrogen

Xiaohe YAN, Xin ZHANG, Chenghong GU, Furong LI

期刊论文

The German Energiewende and its roll-out of renewable energies: An economic perspective

Sebastian KREUZ, Felix MÜSGENS

期刊论文

Ecological compensation mechanism for urban green land and its application in Shanghai, China

WANG Yan, DING Xiaowen, QIAN Longxia, WANG Hongrui

期刊论文

Economics analysis of food waste treatment in China and its influencing factors

Ting Chen, Yingying Zhao, Xiaopeng Qiu, Xiaoyan Zhu, Xiaojie Liu, Jun Yin, Dongsheng Shen, Huajun Feng