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Protein phosphatase 2A, a key player in Alzheimer’s disease

Rong LIU, Qing TIAN

《医学前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 8-12 doi: 10.1007/s11684-009-0017-6

摘要： Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is the predominant serine/threonine phosphatase in eukaryotic cells. In the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), decreased PP2A activities were observed, which is suggested to be involved in neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation, disturbed amyloid precursor protein (APP) secretion and neurodegeneration in AD brain. Based on our research and other previous findings, decreased PP2Ac level, decreased PP2A holoenzyme composition, increased level of PP2A inhibitors, increased PP2Ac Leu309 demethylation and Tyr307 phosphorylation underlie PP2A inactivation in AD. β-amyloid (Aβ) over-production, estrogen deficiency and impaired homocysteine metabolism are the possible up-stream factors that inactivate PP2A in AD neurons. Further studies are required to disclose the role of PP2A in Alzheimer’s disease.

关键词： protein phosphatase 2A Alzheimer’s disease holoenzyme composition protein phosphatase 2A inhibitors Leu309 demethylation Tyr307 phosphorylation

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Anaerobic biodegradation of trimethoprim with sulfate as an electron acceptor

Bin Liang, Deyong Kong, Mengyuan Qi, Hui Yun, Zhiling Li, Ke Shi, E Chen, Alisa S. Vangnai, Aijie Wang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1168-6

摘要： • Anaerobic biodegradation of trimethoprim (TMP) coupled with sulfate reduction. • Demethylation of TMP is the first step in the acclimated microbial consortia. • The potential degraders and fermenters were enriched in the acclimated consortia. • Activated sludge and river sediment had similar core microbiomes. Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic frequently detected in various environments. Microorganisms are the main drivers of emerging antibiotic contaminant degradation in the environment. However, the feasibility and stability of the anaerobic biodegradation of TMP with sulfate as an electron acceptor remain poorly understood. Here, TMP-degrading microbial consortia were successfully enriched from municipal activated sludge (AS) and river sediment (RS) as the initial inoculums. The acclimated consortia were capable of transforming TMP through demethylation, and the hydroxyl-substituted demethylated product (4-desmethyl-TMP) was further degraded. The biodegradation of TMP followed a 3-parameter sigmoid kinetic model. The potential degraders (Acetobacterium, Desulfovibrio, Desulfobulbus, and unidentified Peptococcaceae) and fermenters (Lentimicrobium and Petrimonas) were significantly enriched in the acclimated consortia. The AS- and RS-acclimated TMP-degrading consortia had similar core microbiomes. The anaerobic biodegradation of TMP could be coupled with sulfate respiration, which gives new insights into the antibiotic fate in real environments and provides a new route for the bioremediation of antibiotic-contaminated environments.

关键词： Trimethoprim (TMP) biodegradation Demethylation Sulfate reduction Core microbiome Antibiotic fate