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农业科学 3

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CRITICAL PROCESSES AND MAJOR FACTORS THAT DRIVE NITROGEN TRANSPORT FROM FARMLAND TO SURFACE WATER BODIES

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第10卷第4期页码 541-552 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023518

摘要：

Agricultural non-point source pollution is increasingly an important issue affecting surface water quality. Currently, the majority of the studies on nitrogen loss have focused on the agricultural field scale, however, the response of surface water quality at the watershed scale into the nitrogen loss at the field scale is poorly understood. The present study systematically reviewed the critical processes and major factors that nitrogen transport from farm fields to surface water bodies. The critical processes of farmland nitrogen entering surface water bodies involve the processes of nitrogen transport from farmland to ditches and the transformation processes of nitrogen during migration in ditches/rivers. Nitrogen transport from farmland to ditches is one of the prerequisites and critical processes for farmland nitrogen transport to surface water bodies. The transformation of nitrogen forms in ditches/rivers is an intermediate process in the migration of nitrogen from farmland to surface water bodies. Nitrogen loss from farmland is related to soil storage and exogenous inputs. Therefore, nitrogen input management should not only consider the current input, but also the contribution of soil storage due to the historical surpluses. Ditches/rivers have a strong retention capacity for nitrogen, which will significantly affect the process of farmland nitrogen entering surface water bodies. The factors affecting nitrogen transformation in river/ditches can be placed in four categories: (1) factors affecting hydraulic retention time, (2) factors affecting contact area, (3) factors affecting biological activity, and (4) forms and amount of nitrogen loading to river/ditches. Ditch systems are more biologically (including plants and microbes) active than rivers with biological factors having a greater influence on nitrogen transformation. When developing pollution prevention and control strategies, ecological ditches can be constructed to increase biological activity and reduce the amount of surplus nitrogen entering the water body. The present research should be valuable for the evaluation of environment impacts of nitrogen loss and the non-point source pollution control.

关键词： nitrogen loss from soil transformation farm field scale watershed scale

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extraction techniques affect Cd/Pb contents and health risks in oil of rapeseed grown on Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第7期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1687-z

摘要：

● Organic solvent extracted fewer Cd/Pb in rapeseed oil than physical pressing.

关键词： Rapeseed oil Oil extraction technologies Human health risk assessment Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland Substitute planting

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农田土壤抗生素污染管控建议

王娜,郭欣妍,单正军,蔡道基

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第1期页码 167-173 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.01.023

摘要：

抗生素在畜禽养殖业中发挥了重要保障作用，但畜禽粪便农用后伴生的抗生素耐药性传播风险日益显现，农田土壤抗生素及其耐药基因的风险管控工作亟待开展。本文总结了农田土壤中抗生素的污染现状，梳理了农田土壤中新兴污染物抗生素管控存在的问题，提出了农田土壤抗生素及其耐药基因的风险管控建议。研究发现，农田土壤抗生素及其耐药基因的污染风险不可忽视，但抗生素类新兴污染物尚未纳入土壤风险管控范围内。应设立严格的兽药应用监管机制，从养殖源头扼制风险的发生概率；制定有机肥中反映耐药性的控制标准，出台技术指南以规范含抗生素粪便的处置与施用，减少抗生素耐药基因进入环境的总量。同时加紧开展环境抗生素耐药性产生和转移的人类健康风险评估研究，实施农田土壤环境抗生素耐药常规监测，发挥风险评估在该类污染物风险管控工作中的作用。

关键词：抗生素耐药基因农田土壤传播风险管控对策

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mass distributions of aerosol particle and its inorganic water-soluble ions in summer over a suburb farmland

ZHAO Peng, ZHU Tong, LIANG Baosheng, HU Min, KANG Ling, GONG Jicheng

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第2期页码 159-165 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0028-y

摘要： Agricultural activity is one of the most important sources of aerosol particles. To understand the mass distribution and sources of aerosol particles and their inorganic water-soluble ions in a suburb farmland of Beijing, particle samples were collected using a microorifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) in the summer of 2004 in a suburb vegetable field. The distribution of the particles and their inorganic water-soluble ions in the diameter range of 0.18 18 mm were measured. The dominant fine particle ions were SO, NO, and NH. The association of day-to-day variation of the concentration of these ions with temperature, humidity, and solar radiation suggested that they are formed by the reaction of NH3 released from the vegetable field with the acid species produced from photochemical reactions. Fine particle K is likely from vegetation emission and biomass burning. Coarse particles like Ca, Mg, NO, and SO are suggested to come from the mechanical process by which the soil particle entered the atmosphere, and from the reaction of the acid species at the surface of the soil particle. The results show that fertilizer and soil are important factors determining the aerosol particle over agricultural fields, and vegetable fields in suburban Beijing contribute significantly to the aerosol particle.

关键词： diameter atmosphere suburban contribute agricultural

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北方旱区农田水肥效应分析

高亚军,李生秀

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第7期页码 74-79

摘要：

结合多年的田间试验研究，对前人诸多研究结果进行了总结和深入分析。结果表明：农田水肥效应大小与试验方法有关，田间试验与模拟试验得到的结论相反。主要原因在于研究中"水"的概念各不相同，从旱棚试验或盆栽试验的结果推断水肥效应与实际情况相距较大。多数情况下，养分亏缺仍是北方旱区作物增产的主要限制因子。灌水的效果取决于土壤底墒、生育期降水、土壤肥力及灌水时期等各种因素。在现有的水资源条件下，提高养分供应水平是北方旱区大部分农田作物增产的主要途径。加强夏闲期降水的蓄积、提高土壤底墒是冬麦区作物高产的重要条件。

关键词：水肥效应北方旱区田间试验模拟试验

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基于主成分综合模型的矿区农田重金属污染评价

王从陆,吴超,段瑜

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第7期页码 180-183

摘要：

文章尝试利用变量聚类分析方法对矿区附近农田土壤重金属污染的主要污染物进行辨识，并采用综合主成分分析法对矿区附近农田土壤重金属污染情况进行评价和分级。分析结果表明：利用变量聚类分析法可以有效地辨识矿区附近农田土壤重金属污染中的主要成分；运用综合主成分分析法，确定样本的综合主成分，并对其排序和聚类，可以有效揭示矿区附近农田土壤重金属污染物的数据结构、相互关系和不同样品点的污染程度。采用主成分分析方法对矿区附近农田土壤重金属污染情况的评价结果，反映了矿区主要重金属污染物的影响，同时又定量化了土壤复合重金属污染研究。辨识和评价结果可为矿区附近农田土壤重金属污染治理对策的提出和重点治理区域的确定提供参考和指导。

关键词：主成分综合模型矿区农田土壤重金属污染评价

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Quantification of pesticide residues on plastic mulching films in typical farmlands of the North China

Baoyuan Guo, Jiao Meng, Xinyu Wang, Chengnan Yin, Weiyu Hao, Baiwen Ma, Zhang Tao

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1181-9

摘要： Pesticide residuals on mulching film of Shandong, Tianjin and Hebei. Detected 29 pesticides in soil and 30 in mulching film. Pesticides on plastic films: 86.4‒22213.2 ng/g and in soil: 9.3‒535.3 ng/g. Pesticides on plastic films 20 times higher than in soil. Plastic debris as new pollutants attracts much attention in the recent years. The plastic mulching films is one of the most important plastic debirs source in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the current status of pesticide residues on the plastic mulching films. Based on the QuEChERS method, multi-residue methods for detection of pesticide residues with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrum (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrum (HPLC-MS) were developed for the analysis of the pesticides residues in plastic film and soil samples from Tianjin, Hebei and Shandong. The total concentrations of pesticide residues were in the range of 86.4‒22213.2 ng/g in plastic film debris, which was about 20 times higher than that in soil (9.3‒535.3 ng/g). Residual level of pesticides varied greatly in different samples. The historical usage and recent application of pesticides were the main sources for pesticide residues on plastic films and soil. In short, plastic mulching films could act as a sink for pesticides in farmland and the ubiquitous pesticide residues on plastic films should draw more attention.

关键词： Pesticides Plastic mulching film Soil QuEChERS Farmland

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农业面源污染现状及防控技术

武淑霞, 刘宏斌, 刘申, 王耀生, 谷保静, 金书秦, 雷秋良, 翟丽梅, 王洪媛

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第5期页码 23-30 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.05.004

摘要：

农业面源污染是造成我国水环境污染的主要因素之一，具有随机性强、污染排放不固定、污染负荷变化大等特点，防治较点源污染更为困难，了解农业面源污染现状及其防控技术是进行面源污染治理的前提。本文概述了农业面源污染成因及其现状，指出种植业中肥料的不合理施用和规模化畜禽养殖排污是当前最重要的农业面源污染来源，较全面地介绍了种植业和畜禽养殖业中较为成熟的面源污染防控技术，提出“源头控制为主、过程阻控与末端治理相结合”是当前进行农业面源污染防控的主要途径，应因地制宜地采用相应的面源污染防控技术，实现环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的同步发展。

关键词：农业面源污染农田养分流失畜禽养殖排污防控技术