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Diagnostic criteria of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA): a review and reflection

Yu Liao, Yufei Xiang, Zhiguang Zhou

《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 243-247 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0201-y

摘要： Diabetes has become a major public health problem in China nowadays. There are almost 97 million diabetic patients nationwide. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a subtype of autoimmune diabetes. Although it has been reported for about 20 years, the diagnostic criteria of this disease remain controversial. The discussion mainly focused on serum autoantibodies, period of insulin need and age of diagnosis. Besides, β cell function, metabolic parameters, genetic factors and cell immunity may also contribute to the formulation of the criteria. Here, we aim to review and discuss the diagnostic criteria of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.

关键词： LADA diagnostic criteria autoantibodies insulin independence age of diagnosis

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Development trend of urban design in “digital age”: Pan-dimensionality and individual-ubiquity

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期页码 569-575 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0735-7

摘要： The wave of “digital age” featuring digital information is coming. Digital technology is profoundly changing the societal development direction and evolution paths. It also has significant bearing on production modes, social interactions and lifestyles. With regard to urban design, a system of knowledge about the creation and adaptation of material space forms that integrate humanities, art, technology and materials, digital technology has provided it with a brand-new and revolutionary scientific impetus for its evolution. The result of this evolution is “digital urban design paradigm based on human-computer interaction”, i.e., the urban development is moving toward “pan-dimensionality” and “individual ubiquity”. The future of urban design will construct a new approach to urban research and engineering, which is more complex, capable of accommodating and compatible with multiple goals of “instrumental rationality” and “value rationality”. Such a new approach shall be led by the probabilistic theory of “gray scale thinking”, reflecting quaternary synergetic view of “scientific rationality, ecological rationality, cultural rationality and technical rationality” to realize the cognitive progress of “engineering for the benefit of mankind”.

关键词： digital age urban design multiple objectives human-computer interaction pan-dimensionality individual-ubiquity

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Cell-free systems in the new age of synthetic biology

Fernando Villarreal,Cheemeng Tan

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第1期页码 58-65 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1610-x

摘要： The advent of synthetic biology has ushered in new applications of cell-free transcription-translation systems. These cell-free systems are reconstituted using cellular proteins, and are amenable to modular control of their composition. Here, we discuss the historical advancement of cell-free systems, as well as their new applications in the rapid design of synthetic genetic circuits and components, directed evolution of biomolecules, diagnosis of infectious diseases, and synthesis of vaccines. Finally, we present our vision on the future direction of cell-free synthetic biology.

关键词： cell-free system application

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Opportunities and challenges for a Golden Age of chemical engineering

Phillip R. WESTMORELAND

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第1期页码 1-7 doi: 10.1007/s11705-014-1416-z

摘要： Chemical engineering is entering a new Golden Age of practice, thought, and impact, accompanied by great new opportunities and challenges. Five aspects mark this development: a new abundance of hydrocarbons; the evolution of biology into a molecular science; the ubiquity of powerful computational tools; the trend in manufacturing to be more process-oriented; and the systems approach that is part of ChE education from its first stages. There are important technical challenges, including technology creation and environmental impact, but just as important are new appreciation for and attention to challenges that require societal dialogues about complexity, uncertainty, and evolving and sometimes contradictory requirements. Crucial to all these impacts is enhancing the identity of what the profession is. That must be based on recognizing that the core of chemical engineering is applying molecular sciences to create value and advance the quality of life.

关键词： hydrocarbons biotechnology computation cyberinfrastructure manufacturing environmental

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Chao SUN, Meng LAI, Shougong ZHANG, Xiaomei SUN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第4期页码 482-492 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017184

摘要： Wood properties are important traits that determine quality of structural wood. With the aim of performing efficient early selection for wood properties, we investigated genetic variation in 20 clones aged from 4 to 15 years for four quality traits: wood density, wall thickness to lumen area, microfibrillar angle (MFA) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). We observed that age-related trends in overall means varied for different traits: MFA decreased with the age, while the others generally increased with the age. Phenotypic variance always showed significant differences from the age of 8 years onward, with CVG ranging from 4% to 25%. Also, clonal repeatability increased steadily until 9 years old and then kept medium or higher intensity (0.4–0.8). After the age of 6, genetic correlations were generally higher than phenotypic correlations. Estimates of early selection efficiency suggested that the optimal selection age for wood density was at age 5–6 years, while it was 9–10 years for the other traits. In combination with previous results, we proposed a comprehensive early selection strategy for larch clonal breeding that involved selection based on nursery rooting ability, phenology, growth traits, and wood properties.

关键词： early selection genetic variation wood properties SilviScan Larix kaempferi

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Epidemiological studies of women under age 30 infected with human papillomavirus

Zhihua LIU MD, Qing LI BM, Weihong LI BM,

《医学前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第4期页码 459-462 doi: 10.1007/s11684-009-0084-8

摘要： The aim of this paper was to investigate the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in women under 30 years old with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer, in order to provide a basis for cervical cancer prevention and treatment. We recruited 2052 female cases from the education system in Futian District, Shenzhen city, from April 2006 to April 2008, with age ranging from 22 to 60 years old. Second-generation hybrid capture test was done for detection of female genital tract HPV and cervical colposcopy for screening CIN or cervical cancer. The prevalence of HPV and cervical precancerous lesions or cervical cancer was evaluated in different age groups of women. The HPV positive rate was 247/2052 (12.00%), and 35/2052 (1.71%) of the cases were≥CIN I by pathological diagnosis. In the 22―29-year-old age group, there were 291 cases, including 39HPV-positive cases (13.40%) and one case of pathological diagnosis≥CIN I (0.34%), and there were 1761 cases in the 30―60-year-old age group, including 208 HPV-positive cases (11.81%) and 34 cases of pathological diagnosis≥CIN I (1.93%). The HPV-positive rate of 22―29-year-old age group was higher than that of 30―60-year-old age group, but the difference was not significant ( = 0.5967, = 0.4398); the CIN and cervical cancer detection rate of the former group was lower than that of the latter one, and the difference was not significant either ( = 3.7519, = 0.0527). The cases in 30―60-year-old age group were divided into five age sub-groups, and the HPV-positive rate of the 22―29-year-old age group was compared with the remaining groups, and it was found that the HPV-positive rate of the former group (13.40%) was lower than that of the 40―44-year-old age group (14.70%) but higher than that of the other four groups. Moreover, the difference in the HPV-positive rate between the 22―29-year-old age group and the 50―60-year-old age group (6.06%) was significant ( = 5.545, = 0.018), but the difference between the 22― 29-year-old age group and each of the other four groups was not significant (>0.05). In addition, the CIN and cervical cancer detection rate of the 22―29-year-old age group (0.34%) was lower than that of the remaining five groups, and the difference between the 22―29-year-old age group and the 35―39-year-old age group (2.26%), and between 22―29-year-old age group and 40―44-year-old age group (2.30%) was significant ( = 4.446, = 0.0035; = 4.525, = 0.0363, respectively), but the difference between the 22―29-year-old age group and each of other three groups was not significant (>0.05). Furthermore, 80.00% (28/35) cases of pathological diagnosis≥CIN I and 90.91% (10/11) lesions of pathological diagnosis≥CIN II occurred at 35―49 years of age. For many young women below the age of 30 who were infected with high-risk HPV were one-off infections, so it was not appropriate to recommend HPV detection as cervical precancerous lesions or cancer screening program for women less than 30 years old. The prevention and treatment of cervical cancer should be focused on those women more than 35 years of age.

关键词： cervical cancer human papilloma virus cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

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Comparison of surgical indications for hysterectomy by age and approach in 4653 Chinese women

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 464-470 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0338-y

摘要：

Approximately one million hysterectomies are performed each year in China. However, national data regarding the indications and the surgical approaches for hysterectomy are lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the surgical indications for hysterectomy in different age groups and the relative merits of different surgical approaches for hysterectomy in Chinese women. Clinical data from 4653 cases of hysterectomy performed in Tongji Hospital from 2004 to 2009 were analysed. Hysterectomy was most commonly performed among women aged 40--49 years (2299; 49.4%). Overall, colporrhagia and abdominal pain were the two most common indications for hysterectomy. The most common indications by age groups were as follows: malignant ovarian tumour,<20 years; malignant uterine tumour, 20--29 and 30--39 years; uterine myoma, 40--49 and 50--59 years; and uterine prolapse, 60--69 and>70 years. The proportion of malignant aetiology also varied by age, being the highest in women aged<20 years (75.0%) and the lowest in those aged 40--49 years (19.9%). Approximately 35% women who had hysterectomies also had concomitant bilateral oophorectomy. The lowest rate of oophorectomy occurred in women aged 30--39 years (15.8%), whereas the highest rate was in those aged 50--59 years (75.9%). The abdominal surgical approach was used in 84% of all hysterectomies. Surgeries using the vaginal approach required a significantly shorter operating time (118 min average) than all other approaches (P<0.05). Both the amount of bleeding and the blood transfusion volume required were smaller in vaginal approaches, with no significant differences between the others. The surgical approaches used were also related to the scope of surgery. Both the surgical indications and the rates of bilateral oophorectomy varied by age. In terms of both operating time and the amount of bleeding and blood transfusion volume required, the vaginal approach was superior to all other surgical approaches.

关键词： hysterectomy surgical indications surgical approach bilateral oophorectomy

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独头巷道空气年龄及通风有效性评价研究

王海桥,田峰,黄俊歆,陈涛

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第11期页码 43-47

摘要：

根据独头巷道作业空间的特点，给出了独头巷道局部空气年龄、平均空气年龄的定义及其计算模型，用示踪气体测定平均空气年龄的方法和原理，并用CFD (computational fluid dynamics)对独头巷道附壁受限射流通风流场及平均空气年龄进行了数值计算，得出了独头巷道空间通风流场和平均空气年龄分布，建立了计算换气效率和排污效率的数学模型。研究表明影响通风有效性的主要因素是空气年龄和污染物浓度，而影响空气年龄主要是通风气流组织和通风量。为评价独头巷道通风有效性提供了一种新的理论依据。

关键词：独头巷道平均空气年龄通风有效性换气效率排污效率

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不同民族流动育龄妇女的避孕状况分析

张君娴,杨婷,徐晓帆,龙春燕,刘建苏,李莉

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第6期页码 57-60

摘要：

了解乌鲁木齐市流动育龄妇女的避孕状况，为今后开展避孕方法知情选择优质服务提供参考。采用分层-整群-随机抽样的方法，对18~50岁符合条件的对象进行问卷调查，主要包括人口学特征、避孕措施的使用情况等。采用卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归方法进行统计分析。本次调查的106 568例流动育龄妇女中，避孕方法使用比例为92.78 %，避孕方法的选择依次为宫内节育器（65.74 %）、药物（23.17 %，包括口服避孕药、皮下埋植剂、避孕针等含药避孕方法）、避孕套（9.06 %）、绝育术（2.03 %）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示民族、学历、职业、婚姻状况和性生活频率对避孕方法的使用有影响。应根据不同民族的情况和流动育龄妇女的人口学特征，提供有针对性和个性化的避孕方法知情选择指导和服务。

关键词：流动育龄妇女避孕状况分析

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Laboratory diagnosis for malaria in the elimination phase in China: efforts and challenges

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 10-16 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0889-7

摘要： Malaria remains a global health challenge, although an increasing number of countries will enter pre-elimination and elimination stages. The prompt and precise diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium parasites is the key aspect of malaria elimination. Since the launch of the China Malaria Elimination Action Plan in 2010, China has formulated clear goals for malaria diagnosis and has established a network of malaria diagnostic laboratories within medical and health institutions at all levels. Various external quality assessments were implemented, and a national malaria diagnosis reference laboratory network was established to strengthen the quality assurance in malaria diagnosis. Notably, no indigenous malaria cases have been reported since 2017, but the risk of re-establishment of malaria transmission cannot be ignored. This review summarizes the lessons about malaria diagnosis in the elimination phase, primarily including the establishments of laboratory networks and quality control in China, to better improve malaria diagnosis and maintain a malaria-free status. A reference is also provided for countries experiencing malaria elimination.

关键词： malaria laboratory diagnosis quality control malaria elimination China

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Biosensor-based assay of exosome biomarker for early diagnosis of cancer

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 157-175 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0884-z

摘要： Cancer imposes a severe threat to people’s health and lives, thus pressing a huge medical and economic burden on individuals and communities. Therefore, early diagnosis of cancer is indispensable in the timely prevention and effective treatment for patients. Exosome has recently become an attractive cancer biomarker in noninvasive early diagnosis because of the unique physiology and pathology functions, which reflects remarkable information regarding the cancer microenvironment, and plays an important role in the occurrence and evolution of cancer. Meanwhile, biosensors have gained great attention for the detection of exosomes due to their superior properties, such as convenient operation, real-time readout, high sensitivity, and remarkable specificity, suggesting promising biomedical applications in the early diagnosis of cancer. In this review, the latest advances of biosensors regarding the assay of exosomes were summarized, and the superiorities of exosomes as markers for the early diagnosis of cancer were evaluated. Moreover, the recent challenges and further opportunities of developing effective biosensors for the early diagnosis of cancer were discussed.

关键词： biosensor exosome cancer diagnosis

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Ancient road transport devices: Developments from the Bronze Age to the Roman Empire

Cesare ROSSI,Thomas G. CHONDROS,Kypros F. MILIDONIS,Sergio SAVINO,Flavio RUSSO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第1期页码 12-25 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0358-6

摘要：

The development of transportation systems has significantly enhanced the welfare and modernization of society. Wooden vehicles pulled by animals have been used for land transportation since the early Bronze Age. Whole-body gharries with rigid wheels pulled by oxen appeared in Crete by 2000 BC or earlier. Horses originating from the East were depicted in early Cretan seal-rings of the same period. The two-wheeled horse-drawn chariot was one of the most important inventions in history. This vehicle provided humanity its first concept of personal transport and was the key technology of war for 2000 years. Chariots of Mycenaean and Archaic Greece with light and flexible four-spoked wheels acting as spring suspensions were depicted in vase paintings. The development of this vehicle incorporated the seeds of a primitive design activity and was important for engineering. The Trojan horse since 1194 BC and the helepolis since 700 BC were the first known machines on a wheeled base transported by horses or self-powered. Ancient engineers invented bearings lubricated with fat, and Romans introduced the ancestors of ball bearings for their wagons and carts. The historic evolution of wheeled transportation systems, along with early traction, suspension, and braking systems, is presented in this paper. Analytical and numerical methods are incorporated to analyze the most conceivable loading situations of typically reconstructed wheeled transportation systems in ancient times. Traction requirements both for horse-driven machines and the power for internal motors are also analyzed. This study can serve as a basis for further development of detailed reconstruction of transportation systems in antiquity.

关键词： transportation wheel spoke cart axle bearing

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Tomographic diagnosis of defects in hydraulic concrete structure

ZHAO Mingjie, XU Xibin

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第3期页码 226-232 doi: 10.1007/s11709-008-0027-5

摘要： The ultrasonic tomographic technology is applied to diagnose the defects in hydraulic concrete structure. In order to improve the precision of diagnoses, the wavelet transformation is used in the processing of ultrasonic signals. The influences of water, scale and orientation of defect, processing methods and theoretical model on image resolution are investigated. The experimental results indicate that the result of the tomographic diagnosis of a single defect is sensitive and the boundary can be clearly determined. However, the image resolution of multiple defects is not satisfactory. The water content and scale of a defect may significantly affect the imaging resolution. Defects with the orientation perpendicular to the direction of the diagnosis may have higher precision in diagnosing. The wavelet transformation technology can elevate the imaging resolution. The applied calculation model plays a very important role in improving the accuracy of detection.

关键词： satisfactory processing orientation tomographic diagnosis orientation perpendicular

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育龄妇女非意愿妊娠原因分析与对策研究

王代权,刘长艳,向琼,马代慈

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第5期页码 11-15

摘要：

采取整群抽样调查方法，对2011 年1 月—2013 年5 月在秭归县、夷陵区计划生育服务站因非意愿妊娠而实行人工终止妊娠对象，通过查阅病历资料和调查问卷，了解非意愿性妊娠原因及相关因素。1 360例非意愿妊娠中，未婚为21.62 %，已婚为78.38 %；人群分布在20～39 年龄段（73.82 %）；孕次分布主要在孕2～孕3 的对象为57.87 %；非意愿妊娠中避孕措施失败者为44.34 %，无措施者为55.66 %。避孕措施因素宫内节育器为10.51 %，避孕套为10.51 %，避孕药为8.24 %，外用为6.62 %，其他为8.46 %。存在侥幸心理和取出宫内节育器（IUD）后续措施没能跟进是无措施者导致非意愿妊娠的主要原因。避孕知识知晓率为98.90 %，对紧急避孕的知晓率仅为15.37 %，知道哺乳期需避孕者为18.38 %。医务人员、计生干部、宣传资料是已婚人群获取避孕知识的主要途径，农民及农民工对象获取免费服务高于城镇居民、国家工作人员、商业服务人员及外来流入人员。

关键词：育龄妇女非意愿妊娠人工流产影响因素

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convolutional tree-inspired network: a decision-tree-structured neural network for hierarchical fault diagnosis

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第16卷第4期页码 814-828 doi: 10.1007/s11465-021-0650-6

摘要： The fault diagnosis of bearings is crucial in ensuring the reliability of rotating machinery. Deep neural networks have provided unprecedented opportunities to condition monitoring from a new perspective due to the powerful ability in learning fault-related knowledge. However, the inexplicability and low generalization ability of fault diagnosis models still bar them from the application. To address this issue, this paper explores a decision-tree-structured neural network, that is, the deep convolutional tree-inspired network (DCTN), for the hierarchical fault diagnosis of bearings. The proposed model effectively integrates the advantages of convolutional neural network (CNN) and decision tree methods by rebuilding the output decision layer of CNN according to the hierarchical structural characteristics of the decision tree, which is by no means a simple combination of the two models. The proposed DCTN model has unique advantages in 1) the hierarchical structure that can support more accuracy and comprehensive fault diagnosis, 2) the better interpretability of the model output with hierarchical decision making, and 3) more powerful generalization capabilities for the samples across fault severities. The multiclass fault diagnosis case and cross-severity fault diagnosis case are executed on a multicondition aeronautical bearing test rig. Experimental results can fully demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of the proposed method.

关键词： bearing cross-severity fault diagnosis hierarchical fault diagnosis convolutional neural network decision tree