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Goryachkin’s agricultural mechanics

Vera CHINENOVA

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第1期页码 87-94 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0378-x

摘要：

The paper contributes to the development of applied mechanics by establishing a new discipline, namely, agricultural mechanics by academician Vasilii Prohorovich Goryachkin (1868–1935) who was an apprentice of Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky and a graduate of the Moscow University (current known as Moscow State University) and the Imperial Higher Technical School.

关键词： theory of mechanisms and machines agricultural machinery engineering agricultural mechanics

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STRENGTHENING NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL TO PROMOTE AGRICULTURAL GREEN DEVELOPMENT

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第10卷第4期页码 503-509 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023528

摘要：

STRENGTHENING NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL TO PROMOTE AGRICULTURAL GREEN DEVELOPMENT

关键词： GREEN AGRICULTURAL PROMOTE POLLUTION SOURCE DEVELOPMENT POINT STRENGTHENING CONTROL

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我国农业生产的发展方向：从机械化到智慧化

罗锡文,廖娟,臧英,区颖刚,汪沛

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第1期页码 46-54 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.01.005

摘要：

“谁来种地，怎样种地”是中国和全世界农业生产面临的共同问题。改革开放以来，我国农业生产的机械化水平已显著提高；而农业生产智慧化是今后社会发展的必然趋势，将以智能装备为基础，以数据和知识为核心要素，使现代科学技术与农业深度融合，实现农业生产全过程的数字化感知、智能化决策、精准化作业和智慧化管理，进一步大幅提高劳动生产率、土地产出率和资源利用率。本文以水稻生产为例介绍了我国农业生产的发展现状，分析了我国农业生产向智慧化生产转变的必要性，总结了我国农业生产向智慧化发展面临的机遇与挑战，据此提出了我国农业生产的发展方向和发展路线。为促进我国农业生产方式从机械化向智慧化转变，本文提出了加强农机装备研发和创新体系建设、加强农机推广体系建设、加强农机社会化服务体系建设、加快智慧农业示范区建设等对策建议。

关键词：农业生产水稻生产农业机械化信息技术智能农机农业生产智慧化

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装备与信息协同促进现代智慧农业发展研究

韩佳伟,朱文颖,张博,赵春江,杨信廷

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第1期页码 55-63 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.01.007

摘要：

农业机械装备是现代农业发展的物质基础、农业机械化发展的重要标志，新一代信息技术驱动农业机械装备智能化转型升级；基于装备与信息技术协同的智慧农业成为现代农业发展的新趋势，对提高农业生产效率、推动农业机械优质高效发展具有积极意义。本文对比分析了国内外智慧农业的研究现状，梳理了我国农业机械装备、农业信息技术的研究进展与趋势；在剖析我国现代智慧农业发展需求并前瞻发展价值的基础上，提出重点工程发展建议：农业生态系统监测网络新基建工程、国家农业大数据中心及运行机制构建工程、智能农机装备研发应用工程、农业信息服务示范工程、果蔬商品化处理智能感控技术与装备研发示范工程。研究认为，立足国情加大农业科技创新投入并优化结构、建立农业“产学研”创新联盟、完善农业科技创新激励政策，可为引导现代智慧农业发展提供坚实保障。

关键词：农业装备农业信息化农业信息服务智能农机新基建

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A data envelopment analysis of agricultural technical efficiency of Northwest Arid Areas in China

Yubao WANG, Lijie SHI, Haojie ZHANG, Shikun SUN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第2期页码 195-207 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017153

摘要： Severe resource shortage and waste of resource in agricultural production make it necessary to assess efficiency to increase productivity with high efficiency and ensure sustainable agricultural development. This paper adopted an input-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) method with the assumption of variable returns to scale to evaluate agricultural production efficiency of 100 major irrigation districts in Northwest China in 2010. Major findings of this paper were as follows: firstly, the average value of total technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of those irrigation districts in Northwest China were 0.770, 0.825 and 0.931, respectively; secondly, 30% of irrigation districts were technically efficient, while 42% and 32% of them showed pure technical and scale efficiency respectively. Among inefficient decision-making units, total technical efficiency score varied from 0.313 to 0.966, showing significant geographical differences, but geographical differences of pure technical efficiency was more consistent with that of total technical efficiency; thirdly, input redundancy was evident. Inputs of agricultural population, irrigation area, green water, blue water, consumption of fertilizer and agricultural machinery could be reduced by 34.88%, 40.19%, 43.85%, 47.10%, 41.53% and 42.21% respectively without reducing agricultural outputs. Furthermore, irrigation area, green water and blue water had relatively high slack movement though Northwest China which is short of water resources. Based on these results, this paper drew the following conclusions: First, there is huge potential for Northwest China to improve its agricultural production efficiency, and agro-technology not input scale had greater influence on improvement. Second, farmers needed proper guidance in order to reduce agricultural inputs and it is time to centralize agricultural management for overall agricultural inputs regulation and control.

关键词： agricultural production efficiency DEA model input redundancy irrigation districts Northwest Arid Areas in China

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Fabrication, characterization and evaluation of mesoporous activated carbons from agricultural waste:

Lei YU,Chen TU,Yongming LUO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 206-215 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0631-7

摘要： This work explores the feasibility of Jerusalem artichoke stem (JAS), an agricultural waste, as an alternative precursor for fabrication of mesoporous activated carbon (MAC) via conventional ZnCl activation. The as-prepared JAS-MACs were characterized by thermogravimetric, nitrogen gas adsorption isotherm and high resolution scanning electron microscopy analysis. The interacting effects of chemical dosage, activation temperature and time on the mesoporosity, mesopore volume and carbon yield were investigated, and further optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, mesoporosity and mesopore volume of the JAS-MAC prepared under optimum condition were identified to be 1631 m ·g , 90.16% and 1.11 cm ·g , respectively. Compared with commercial activated carbons, this carbon exhibited a comparable monolayer adsorption capacity of 374.5 mg·g for Methylene Blue dye. The findings suggest that RSM could be an effective approach for optimizing the pore structure of fabricated activated carbons.

关键词： mesoporous activated carbon response surface methodology adsorption isotherm agricultural wastes

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Environmental deterioration of farmlands caused by the irrational use of agricultural technologies

Xubin Pan,Zhongkui Luo,Yongbo Liu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-016-0865-7

摘要： Without considering the ecosystem-dependence of agricultural production, irrational use of agricultural technologies could bring only short-term economic benefits but leave long-term environmental deterioration. If some agricultural lands have to be abandoned because of these technologies such as chemical films or groundwater depletion, it will aggravate the burden of remaining lands for maintaining or enhancing production. Thus, agricultural production should be a part of public services, requiring the consideration of interests of different stakeholders and sustainability.

关键词： agricultural film groundwater exploitation food security environmental cost

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INTEGRATING CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS—TOWARDS AGRICULTURAL GREEN DEVELOPMENT

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期

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新时期我国农业标准化发展研究

燕艳华,王亚华,云振宇,席兴军,初侨,谢丽华,王宇彤

《中国工程科学》 2023年第25卷第4期页码 202-213 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.04.017

摘要： His major research field is agricultural standardization.

关键词：农业强国；农业标准化；农业全产业链；标准体系

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关于农业信息科学形成的讨论

王人潮,黄敬峰,史舟,王珂

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第6期页码 80-83

摘要：

文章从农业信息科学发展的科学背景、技术背景和应用背景，提出农业信息科学的定义及其科学体系，着重讨论了作为一门应用科学的农业信息科学的核心——农业信息技术的组成及其功能。

关键词：农业信息科学农业信息技术卫星遥感技术地理信息技术全球定位技术计算机网络技术

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中国农业生态保护的现状、问题及对策

卞有生

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第12期页码 16-20

摘要：

中国农业是资源制约型农业，农业生态状况的好坏，在很大程度上制约着农业的发展，因此，也制约着中国经济的发展。文章在介绍了中国农业生态保护建设现状和当前存在的主要问题后，全面、深刻分析了中国农业生态恶化和破坏的主要原因并提出建设和保护农业生态环境的战略对策。

关键词：农业环境生态保护对策

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INTEGRATING CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS—TOWARDS AGRICULTURAL GREEN DEVELOPMENT

Yong HOU, Oene OENEMA, Fusuo ZHANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期页码 1-14 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021384

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农机装备制造业服务型制造模式研究

罗建强,张弛

《中国工程科学》 2023年第25卷第1期页码 178-186 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.01.704

摘要：

农机装备制造业是确保粮食安全、助推农业现代化的重要基础。我国农机装备制造业服务型制造处于萌芽探索阶段，服务化水平落后于国际先进水平，难以满足当前农业生产、未来产业高质量发展的需要。本文基于我国农机装备制造业当前的发展现状，深度分析3家全球知名的农机装备制造企业服务化转型案例及经验，在此基础上归纳提炼了适用于我国国情的农机装备制造业服务型制造的3类模式。研究发现，农机装备制造业服务型制造模式实现具有较强的情境依赖性，服务能力是面向对象与面向组织的集成体，农机装备制造业服务型制造模式具有较强的收敛性。为此建议，加强农机装备制造产业内外合作，整合国际优势资源；培养专业农机服务队伍，塑造错位竞争优势；聚焦我国农事难题，开展技术与服务双创新。

关键词：服务型制造；制造业服务化；农机装备制造业；农事解决方案

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Ammonia and phosphorus removal from agricultural runoff using cash crop waste-derived biochars

Alisa Salimova, Jian’e Zuo, Fenglin Liu, Yajiao Wang, Sike Wang, Konstantin Verichev

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1225-1

摘要： • Orange tree residuals biochar had a better ability to adsorb ammonia. • Modified tea tree residuals biochar had a stronger ability to remove phosphorus. • Partially-modified biochar could remove ammonia and phosphorus at the same time. • The real runoff experiment showed an ammonia nitrogen removal rate of about 80%. • The removal rate of total phosphorus in real runoff experiment was about 95%. Adsorption of biochars (BC) produced from cash crop residuals is an economical and practical technology for removing nutrients from agricultural runoff. In this study, BC made of orange tree trunks and tea tree twigs from the Laoguanhe Basin were produced and modified by aluminum chloride (Al-modified) and ferric sulfate solutions (Fe-modified) under various pyrolysis temperatures (200°C–600°C) and residence times (2–5 h). All produced and modified BC were further analyzed for their abilities to adsorb ammonia and phosphorus with initial concentrations of 10–40 mg/L and 4–12 mg/L, respectively. Fe-modified Tea Tree BC 2h/400°C showed the highest phosphorus adsorption capacity of 0.56 mg/g. Al-modified Orange Tree BC 3h/500°C showed the best performance for ammonia removal with an adsorption capacity of 1.72 mg/g. FTIR characterization showed that P = O bonds were formed after the adsorption of phosphorus by modified BC, N-H bonds were formed after ammonia adsorption. XPS analysis revealed that the key process of ammonia adsorption was the ion exchange between K+ and NH4+. Phosphorus adsorption was related to oxidation and interaction between PO43– and Fe3+. According to XRD results, ammonia was found in the form of potassium amide, while phosphorus was found in the form of iron hydrogen phosphates. The sorption isotherms showed that the Freundlich equation fits better for phosphorus adsorption, while the Langmuir equation fits better for ammonia adsorption. The simulated runoff infiltration experiment showed that 97.3% of ammonia was removed by Al-modified Orange tree BC 3h/500°C, and 92.9% of phosphorus was removed by Fe-modified Tea tree BC 2h/400°C.

关键词： Biochar Adsorption Ammonia removal Phosphorus removal Agricultural runoff

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Strategies to manage the risk of heavy metal(loid) contamination in agricultural soils

Fang-Jie ZHAO

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第3期页码 333-338 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020335

摘要：

Soil contamination with heavy metal(loid)s threatens soil ecological functions, water quality and food safety; the latter is the focus of this review. Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) are the toxic elements of most concern for food safety because they are relatively easily taken up by food crops. Rice is a major contributor of both Cd and As intakes to the Chinese population. Contamination and soil acidification are the main causes of high Cd levels in rice grains produced in some areas of southern China. The risk of Cd and As accumulation in food crops can be mitigated through agronomic practices and crop breeding. Liming is effective and economical at reducing Cd uptake by rice in acid soils. Paddy water management can produce opposite effects on Cd and As accumulation. Many genes controlling Cd and As uptake and translocation have been characterized, paving the way to breeding low accumulating crop cultivars through marker-assisted molecular breeding or genetic engineering. It is important to protect agricultural soils from future contamination. Long-term monitoring of anthropogenic additions and accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils should be undertaken. Mass-balance models should be constructed to evaluate future trends of metal(loid)s in agricultural soils at a regional scale.

关键词： arsenic cadmium food safety heavy metals soil contamination