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The Supply Chain Contract Design under Cap-and-Trade Mechanism with Free Riding

Fu-qiang Wang,Jun Liu

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第3期页码 277-286 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015049

摘要： This paper studies the influence of free riding on enterprise product pricing and carbon emissions reduction investment, as well as the contract design to achieve supply chain coordination under the carbon trading mechanism. First, we discuss the situation where carbon emissions reduction investment affects the product price and income. It demonstrates that the optimal investment of the upstream manufacturer increases with the degree of the free riding of the downstream manufacturer. The upstream manufacturer can improve their carbon reduction investment and the whole supply chain achieves Pareto improvement when the investment cost sharing contract is introduced. Nevertheless, under the cost-sharing contract the optimal investment of the decentralized supply chain is still lower than that of the centralized supply chain, and only in some particular cases can the two types of supply chain achieve equal total profits. Then, we preliminarily explore the situation where the product price and income is influenced by carbon emissions reduction investment. The consequences indicate that the optimal investment of the upstream manufacturers in this situation is less than the former one’s, and the transfer payment mechanism is able to improve the level of the supply chain overall carbon emissions-reduction. Moreover, compared to the former situation, the effects of free riding of the downstream manufacturer are even more serious. The conclusions can provide some intellectual support for manufacturing enterprises to make reasonable emissions reduction strategies and coordinate the supply chain existing in free riding.

关键词： carbon emissions reduction free riding supply chain contract design cap-and-trade

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Internal incentives and operations strategies for the water-saving supply chain with cap-and-trade regulation

Zhisong CHEN, Li FANG, Huimin WANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第1期页码 87-101 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0006-7

摘要：

Faced with the rapid development of modern industries of agriculture, manufacturing, and services, water resources are becoming increasingly scarce. Industries with high water consumption are generally regulated by the government’s water cap-and-trade (CAT) regulation to solve the contradiction between the limited water supply and the rapid growing water demand. Supply chain equilibrium and coordination models under the benchmark scenario without water saving and CAT regulation, water-saving supply chain equilibrium and coordination models under the scenario without/with CAT regulation are developed, analyzed and compared. The corresponding numerical and sensitivity analyses for all models are conducted and compared, and the managerial insights and policy recommendations are summarized in this article. The results indicate that (1) Conducting water saving could improve effectively the operational performance of the water-saving supply chain under the scenario without/with CAT regulation. (2) The coordination strategy based on the revenue sharing contract could efficiently coordinate the water-saving supply chain, enhance water consumption reduction rate, and improve the operational performance of the water-saving supply chain. (3) The implementation of CAT regulation enhances effectively water-consumption-reduction in the water-saving supply chain and improves the operational performance of water-saving supply chain. (4) Simultaneous implementation of CAT regulation by the government and adopting coordination strategy by the water-saving supply chain would be superior to any other scenarios/strategies. (5) A suitable water cap based on the industrial average water consumption and historical water consumption data are beneficial for constructing reasonable and effective incentive mechanism. (6) A higher marginal trade price could induce more reduction in water consumption and create better operational performance for the manufacturer and water-saving supply chain, both under the equilibrium and coordination strategies.

关键词： water-saving supply chain equilibrium coordination internal incentive cap and trade regulation

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Diaphragm wall-soil-cap interaction in rectangular-closed- diaphragm-wall bridge foundations

Hua WEN, Qiangong CHENG, Fanchao MENG, Xiaodong CHEN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 93-100 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0015-4

摘要： Rectangular-closed-diaphragm-wall foundation is a new type of bridge foundation. Diaphragm wall-soil-cap interaction was studied using a model test. It was observed that the distribution of soil resistance under the cap is not homogeneous. The soil resistance in the corner under the cap is larger than that in the border; and that in the center is the smallest. The distribution of soil resistance under the cap will be more uniform, if the sectional area of soil core is enlarged within a certain range. Due to the existence of cap, there is a “weakening effect” in inner shaft resistance of the upper wall segments, and there is “enhancement effect” in the lower wall segments and in toe resistance. The load shearing percentage of soil resistance under the cap is 10%-20%. It is unreasonable to ignore the effects of the cap and the soil resistance under the cap in bearing capacity calculations.

关键词： diaphragm wall bridge foundation low cap interaction

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Optimization design of spar cap layup for wind turbine blade

Jie ZHU, Xin CAI, Pan PAN, Rongrong GU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 53-56 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0147-9

摘要： Based on the aerodynamic shape and structural form of the blade are fixed, a mathematical model of optimization design for wind turbine blade is established. The model is pursued with respect to minimum the blade mass to reduce the cost of wind turbine production. The material layup numbers of the spar cap are chosen as the design variables; while the demands of strength, stiffness and stability of the blade are employed as the constraint conditions. The optimization design for a 1.5 MW wind turbine blade is carried out by combing above objective and constraint conditions at the action of ultimate flapwise loads with the finite element software ANSYS. Compared with the original design, the optimization design result achieves a reduction of 7.2% of the blade mass, the stress and strain distribution of the blade is more reasonable, and there is no occurrence of resonance, therefore its effectiveness is verified.

关键词： wind turbine blade spar cap layup optimization design blade mass

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An assessment of China-Japan-Korea Free Trade Agreement’s economic and environmental impacts on China

Zhaoyang LIU, Xianqiang MAO, Wei TANG, Tao HU, Peng SONG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第6期页码 849-859 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0432-9

摘要： Recently, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (Korea) are conducting a government-commissioned feasibility study on the Free Trade Agreement among the three countries (CJKFTA) to form a regional free trade zone in East Asia. Considering that freer trade can cause unexpected impact on domestic environment, there is a need to evaluate the environmental impact of such a trade policy. This move should be made to help negotiators understand and pay more attention to environmental issues during CJKFTA negotiations, and to help lobby with the government to carry out appropriate policy instruments for adaptation or mitigation. Following the Chain Reaction Assessment Method that integrates and links the elements of trade, production, and environment, the present research aims to quantitatively assess CJKFTA’s possible impact on China’s environment. This is done by estimating the variations of China’s major conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission in two policy scenarios to represent CJKFTA’s scale and composition effects on China’s environment. Estimating the variations is based on a static Computable General Equilibrium model, working with Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) 7 database and China’s energy-environment statistics. Based on these assessments, CJKFTA is predicted to lead to notable environmental impact, including increased emissions of agricultural total nitrogen, agricultural total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and GHGs. On the other hand, decreased emissions of industrial SO and dust are also expected to happen. Suitable policies need to be made to combat negative effects and amplify positive ones, while aiming at a more sustainable regional freer trade system.

关键词： Free Trade Agreement Strategic Environmental Assessment Chain Reaction Assessment Method Computable General Equilibrium model Global Trade Analysis Project

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CAP1400 的总体设计和技术创新 Review

郑明光,严锦泉,申屠军,田林,王煦嘉,邱忠明

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第1期页码 97-102 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.018

摘要：

压水堆CAP1400是基于中国核工业研发体系和装备制造能力以及非能动压水堆AP1000 的引进和消化吸收，并经过集成创新与再创新而形成的具有自主知识产权的第三代非能动先进压水堆核电型号。本文通过对CAP1400的总体设计思路、主要性能指标和技术参数、电站安全设计，以及在安全性、经济性和先进性等方面的阐述，论述了CAP1400作为第三代压水堆堆型的技术内涵和技术创新。此外，作为国家科技重大专项的成果，CAP1400型号的研发促进了中国自主核电在研发设计、试验和设备制造水平方面的整体提升，实现了核电设计与装备技术由第二代到第三代的升级。

关键词： CAP1400 先进非能动技术总体设计自主化技术创新

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Impacts of inter-sectoral trade on carbon emissions—a case of China in 2007

Xiuqi FANG, Benyong WEI, Yuan WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 387-402 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0396-9

摘要： With the increase in international trade, more attention has been given to quantifying the impacts of international trade on energy use and carbon emissions. Input-output analysis is a suitable tool for assessing resources or pollutants embodied in trade and it has become a critical tool for performing such analysis. This study estimated the national and sectoral carbon emissions embodied in Chinese international trade using the latest available China input-output table of 2007. The results showed that a significant exporting behavior of embodied carbon emissions existed in China’s trade. Over 1/3 of the emissions in Chinese domestic production processes were generated for exports in 2007. The net balance of emissions embodied in exports and imports accounted for nearly 30% of China’s domestic emissions, which means that any policy made to increase the exports would result in a significant growth of China’s domestic emissions. Since over half of China’s export trade is processing trade, the re-exported emissions could not be overlooked; otherwise, it would hard to capture the actual emissions generated abroad to obtain China’s domestic consumption. The enlargement of export scale is a primary driven factor to the rapid growth of China’s exported emissions. It is necessary for China to adjust its economic and industrial structure to reduce the dependence of economic growth on the export trade. However, when adjusting industry structures or making policies on carbon emission reduction, it will be more reasonable to consider the relationship between production and consumption, rather than just focus on the emission values of sectors’ direct production, as a large part of carbon emissions emitted by the principal direct polluters were generated to obtain the products which were required by other sectors.

关键词： international trade carbon emissions input-output analysis China

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trade-off"效应"> 口袋改造策略克服ω-氨基转移酶AtATA对1-乙酰基萘活性和稳定性之间的"trade-off"效应 Article

曹佳仁, 樊芳芳, 吕常江, 胡升, 赵伟睿, 梅家祺, 邱帅, 梅乐和, 黄俊

《工程（英文）》 2023年第30卷第11期页码 203-214 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.04.009

摘要：然而，活性和稳定性之间的“trade-off”效应限制了其在工业生产中的应用。因此，开发克服这种相互抵消的“trade-off”效应的普适方法以及获得高效催化的氨基转移酶具有重要意义。

关键词： “trade-off”效应共进化氨基转移酶口袋改造

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Quantitative analysis of CO

Xianbing LIU, Can WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 12-19 doi: 10.1007/s11783-009-0011-x

摘要： The increasing volume of CO embodiment in international trade adds a layer of complexity to environmental policies and has raised arguments on the traditional production based responsibility for CO emissions. In order to help understand the quantity of CO embodiment in trade and its policy implications, this paper gives observations to recently emerging literatures that quantitatively discuss CO embodiment in trade. The analytical approaches share the principle of using input and output modeling but vary dramatically in study boundary and estimation accuracy. The calculations can be roughly categorized into three types: direct quantification of CO embodiments in multiregional trade, direct quantification of CO embodiment in bilateral trade, and indirect analysis by comparing the scenarios with or without trade. The practical estimations strongly rely on trade partner selection and data availability. An obvious imbalance of net CO embodiment in the commodity trade between major developed countries and developing economies as a whole was confirmed by these literatures. Carbon taxes and other possible limitations on CO emissions have been addressed. The consistency across the calculations could be enhanced by systematic analyses in more detail to convince the international community to take binding commitments for the reduction of global CO emissions.

关键词： CO₂ embodiment international trade quantitative estimation analytical approach

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银行国际贸易结算系统构件化设计与实现

余金山,陈志强

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第9期页码 81-87

摘要：

国际贸易结算是银行业中一种必不可少的业务，占据着重要的地位，而且随着电子商务的发展，其重要性也越来越突出。但是，这一业务的计算机化相当困难。主要原因是：操作流程复杂；组合变化太多，对灵活性有很高要求；涉及面相当广，几乎涉及银行的每一个业务品种，是一个压缩版的银行系统。因此，开发这样的系统必须采用先进的而且较为合适的方法和技术。文章提出了以构建半成品构件系统为总体思想的开发方法；在设计和实现上，提出了以数据总线为统一接口，以菜单/功能图标为总控主体框架，以基本业务操作为基本组件，并能把基本组件包装裁剪成可在主体框架控制下运行的功能构件，这样构建的系统可按实际需要进行组装、剪裁、参数设定、重新包装或经少量改写而形成一个实际可运行的系统。并提供了与银行总系统集成的灵活接口，具备了向网上银行和分布系统发展的良好基础。

关键词：银行国际贸易结算系统构件半成品系统

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钢纤维混凝土厚承台承载力影响因素分析

孙成访,谷倩,陈习子,彭少民

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第6期页码 79-83

摘要：

在完成30个缩尺模型为1∶5的二桩混凝土和钢纤维混凝土承台试件的试验研究中，通过改变混凝土强度、钢纤维体积率、承台有效厚度、配筋量及配筋方式，观察和记录了不同条件下桩承台裂缝的开展与分布，承台底部中点挠度、侧边混凝土应变和底部受拉钢筋应变，并系统地分析了影响钢纤维混凝土二桩厚承台极限承载力的主要因素。分析结果为进一步研究钢纤维混凝土二桩承台的抗冲切、抗剪及配筋计算提供了试验基础，并为《钢纤维混凝土结构技术规程》的修订提供了背景材料。

关键词：钢纤维纤维增强混凝土桩基厚承台承载力影响因素

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大数据存储技术综述 Review

Aisha SIDDIQA, Ahmad KARIM, Abdullah GANI

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第18卷第8期页码 1040-1070 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500441

摘要：我们使用布鲁尔的CAP定理比较和分析了现有存储方法，评估了不同存储架构的性能，讨论了存储技术的意义、应用及其对其他类别数据的支持。

关键词：大数据；大数据存储；NoSQL数据库；分布式数据库；CAP定理；可扩展性；一致性-分区弹性；可用性-分区弹性

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Reducing environmental impacts through socioeconomic transitions: critical review and prospects

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1624-1

摘要：

● Reducing environmental impacts through socioeconomic structural transitions.

关键词： Environmental pressures Environmental impacts Nexus Supply chains Trade Coupled systems

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中国与“一带一路”沿线典型国家贸易虚拟水分析

孟凡鑫 ,夏昕鸣 ,胡元超 ,杨志峰

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第4期页码 92-99 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.04.019

摘要：

本文基于多区域投入产出分析方法，建立了全球多尺度嵌套模型及相应的环境卫星矩阵数据库，测算了中国对“一带一路”沿线典型国家商品和服务贸易的虚拟水量。总体来说，中国在与“一带一路”沿线典型国家进行贸易时，国内生产耗水量小于国内消费虚拟水，属于虚拟水的“国内消费、国外承担”模式，是虚拟水净进口国。俄罗斯和韩国是中国虚拟水的主要出口国家，印度和印度尼西亚是中国虚拟水的主要进口国。研究表明，中国沿海、内陆、东北、西北及西南地区的国内外出口贸易虚拟水依次减少，在贸易虚拟水足迹行业结构中，农林牧渔业是最大的虚拟水净出口部门，食品及烟草行业、建筑业、其他服务业是位于前三的虚拟水进口部门。

关键词：投入产出分析虚拟水足迹进出口贸易 “一带一路”

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TRADE-OFFS IN THE DESIGN OF SUSTAINABLE CROPPING SYSTEMS AT A REGIONAL LEVEL: A CASE STUDY ON THE NORTH

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第2期页码 295-308 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021434

摘要：

Since the Green Revolution cropping systems have been progressively homogenized and intensified with increasing rates of inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides and water. This has resulted in higher crop productivity but also a high environmental burden due to increased pollution and water depletion. To identify opportunities for increasing the productivity and reducing the environmental impact of cropping systems, it is crucial to assess the associated trade-offs. The paper presents a model-based analysis of how 30 different crop rotations practiced in the North China Plain could be combined at the regional level to overcome trade-offs between indicators of economic, food security, and environmental performance. The model uses evolutionary multi-objective optimization to maximize revenues, livestock products, dietary and vitamin C yield, and to minimize the decline of the groundwater table. The modeling revealed substantial trade-offs between objectives of maximizing productivity and profitability versus minimizing ground water decline, and between production of livestock products and vitamin C yield. Six strategies each defining a specific combination of cropping systems and contributing to different extents to the various objectives were identified. Implementation of these six strategies could be used to find opportunities to mitigate the trade-offs between objectives. It was concluded that a holistic analysis of the potential of a diversity cropping systems at a regional level is needed to find integrative solutions for challenges due to conflicting objectives for food production, economic viability and environmental protection.

关键词： crop rotation / food security / multi-objective optimization / water use

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标题作者时间类型操作

The Supply Chain Contract Design under Cap-and-Trade Mechanism with Free Riding

Fu-qiang Wang,Jun Liu

期刊论文

Internal incentives and operations strategies for the water-saving supply chain with cap-and-trade regulation

Zhisong CHEN, Li FANG, Huimin WANG

期刊论文

Diaphragm wall-soil-cap interaction in rectangular-closed- diaphragm-wall bridge foundations

Hua WEN, Qiangong CHENG, Fanchao MENG, Xiaodong CHEN

期刊论文