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亮氨酸 1

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Interplay between diet and genetic susceptibility in obesity and related traits

Tiange Wang, Min Xu, Yufang Bi, Guang Ning

《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第6期页码 601-607 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0648-6

摘要：

The incidence of obesity has been rapidly increasing, and this condition has become a major public health threat. A substantial shift in environmental factors and lifestyle, such as unhealthy diet, is among the major driving forces of the global obesity pandemic. Longitudinal studies and randomized intervention trials have shown that genetic susceptibility to obesity may interact with dietary factors in relation to the body mass index and risk of obesity. This review summarized data from recent longitudinal studies and intervention studies on variations and diets and discussed the challenges and future prospects related to this area and public health implications.

关键词： diet genetic susceptibility obesity interaction

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Joint association of physical activity/screen time and diet on CVD risk factors in 10-year-old children

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 428-435 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0232-4

摘要：

The increasing prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). While several studies examined the effect of single behaviors such as physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior or diet on CVD risk, there is a lack of research on combined associations, specifically in children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the joint association of PA or screen time (ST) and diet on CVD risk factors in children. PA, ST and diet were assessed via questionnaire in 210 fifth grade students (age: 10.6±0.4 years). The healthy eating index (HEI) was subsequently calculated as indicator for diet quality. Height, weight, % body fat, and resting blood pressure were measured according to standard procedures and blood samples obtained via fingerprick were assayed for blood lipids. Total cholesterol HDL ratio (TC:HDL), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and % body fat were used as indicators of CVD risk. 55% of children did not meet current PA recommendations on at least 5 days/week and 70% exceeded current recommendations for ST. Further, only 2.5% possessed a “good” diet (HEI>80). There was no significant association of PA or ST and diet on CVD risk score. Neither TC:HDL, MAP, and % body fat nor the total CVD risk score was significantly correlated with diet, PA, or ST. Children in the high PA group, however, had significantly better diet scores. Despite the fact that self-reported PA, ST, or dietary intake were not directly related to CVD risk in this sample, higher activity levels were associated with a healthier diet and lower ST indicating an overall healthier lifestyle of this subgroup.

关键词： exercise sedentary behavior metabolic syndrome health behavior adolescents TV time healthy eating index

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Postnatal feeding with high-fat diet induces obesity and precocious puberty in C57BL/6J mouse pups: a

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 266-276 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0530-y

摘要：

Childhood obesity and obesity-related metabolic complications are induced by a high-fat postnatal diet. The lack of a suitable animal model, however, remains a considerable challenge in obesity studies. In the current study, we provided high-fat diet (HFD) to dams during lactation and to pups after weaning. We also developed a novel model of C57BL/6J mouse pups with HFD-induced postnatal obesity. Results showed that feeding with HFD induces fat deposition and obesity in pups. Furthermore, HFD more potently increased the body weight (BW) of male than female pups. HFD-fed female pups were obese, underwent precocious puberty, and showed increased kisspeptin expression in the hypothalamus. However, parental obesity and precocious puberty exerted no synergistic effects on the HFD-induced postnatal weight gain and puberty onset of the pups. Interestingly, some HFD-fed litters with normal BW also exhibited precocious puberty. This finding suggested that diet composition but not BW triggers puberty onset. Our model suggests good construction validity of obesity and precocious puberty. Furthermore, our model can also be used to explore the mutual interactions between diet–induced postnatal childhood obesity and puberty.

关键词： postnatal HFD feeding obesity kisspeptin HPG axis precocious puberty

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Role of exercise training on insulin resistance and TNF-α in high-fat diet rats

Hui SUN MD, Xiuling DENG MM, Fangxi XIAO MD, Lulu CHEN MD, Huiqing LI MD,

《医学前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第4期页码 403-407 doi: 10.1007/s11684-009-0071-0

摘要： This study investigated the effect of exercise training on insulin resistance and serum and adipose TNF-α in high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: normal control group (NC; =8) that accepted normal chow and high-fat diet group (HF; =22) that fed on high-fat diet to induce insulin resistance model. The HF group was randomly assigned to two subgroups after 18 weeks: sedentary group (SE; =10) and exercise training group (ET; =12) that performed swimming exercise training for 6 weeks, while both groups continued high-fat diet. Changes of body weight, lipid profile, and fasting plasma glucose and insulin were measured. The insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated. Serum concentration of TNF-α was detected by ELISA. The expression of TNF-α mRNA and protein in adipose tissue was examined by using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot, respectively. After 18 weeks, compared with the NC group, body weight, blood lipid, glucose, and insulin in the HF group were significantly elevated, while the ISI decreased obviously, which suggested that insulin resistance appeared in the HF group. After exercise training for 6 weeks, compared with the SE group, both ISI and serum TNF-α concentration in the ET group were decreased significantly; however, the expression levels of TNF-α mRNA and protein in adipose tissue increased by 27.5% and 20.5%, respectively. In conclusion, exercise training ameliorates insulin resistance. The reduction of the level of serum TNF-α and the increased expression of TNF-α in adipose tissue by exercise training may be involved in this mechanism.

关键词： exercise training insulin resistance tumor necrosis factor-α

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Comparison of analytical procedures for measuring phosphorus content of animal manures in China

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《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第4期页码 431-440 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019279

摘要：

The concentration and components of manure phosphorus (P) are key factors determining potential P bioavailability and runoff. The distribution of P forms in swine, poultry and cattle manures collected from intensive and extensive production systems in several areas of China was investigated with sequential fractionation and a simplified two-step (NaHCO -NaOH/EDTA) procedures. The mean total P concentration, determined by the sequential fractionation procedure of intensive swine, poultry and cattle manure, expressed as g·kg , was 14.9, 13.4 and 5.8 g·kg , respectively, and 4.4 g·kg in extensive cattle manure. In intensive swine, poultry and cattle manure about 73%, 74% and 79% of total P, respectively, was bioavailable (i.e., P extracted by H O and NaHCO ) and 78% in extensive cattle manure. The results indicated the relative environmental risk, from high to low, of swine, poultry and cattle manure. There is considerable regional variation in animal manure P across China, which needs to be considered when developing manure management strategies.

关键词： diet phosphorus manure phosphorus sequential P fractionation

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低蛋白日粮中添加亮氨酸通过雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路增加成年大鼠骨骼肌重量及蛋白质合成

张博, 楚丽翠, 刘宏, 谢春元, 谯仕彦, 曾祥芳

《工程（英文）》 2017年第3卷第5期页码 760-765 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.03.008

摘要：

低蛋白日粮会减少动物组织中蛋白质沉积，影响骨骼肌增重。本文旨在研究低蛋白日粮中添加亮氨酸对成年大鼠骨骼肌重量和蛋白质合成的影响。试验选取36只平均体重为（214.4 ± 2.4）g的成年SD雄性大鼠，按体重相近原则平均分为3个处理，每个处理12个重复，每个重复1只大鼠。3个处理分别饲喂20%酪蛋白（20%C，CON）、10%酪蛋白 + 丙氨酸（10%C + Ala，R）以及10%酪蛋白 + 亮氨酸（10%C + Leu，RL）日粮，试验期为11 d，其中，10%C + Ala组和10%C + Leu组为等氮日粮组。试验第11天，所有大鼠大剂量一次性腹腔注射L-[ring-2H5]苯丙氨酸注射液，测定血清中的氨基酸含量、比目鱼肌和腓肠肌重量、蛋白质合成速率及mTOR信号通路相关分子的表达。结果表明，在3个处理中，RL组血清亮氨酸含量最高（P < 0.05），而异亮氨酸含量最低（P < 0.05）；CON组的缬氨酸含量低于R和RL组（P < 0.05），但采食量、蛋白质合成速度和4EBP1的磷酸化高于R和RL组（P < 0.05），同时腹脂重量显著下降（P < 0.05）。与R组相比，RL组可以增加腓肠肌重量（P < 0.05），促进S6K1磷酸化（P < 0.05），增加骨骼肌蛋白质合成（P < 0.05）。本文结论如下，在成年大鼠长期采食低蛋白日粮的情况下，日粮中添加亮氨酸可以改善大鼠的生长性能，通过提高mTOR通路中S6K1磷酸化水平，促进大鼠骨骼肌蛋白质合成，抑制蛋白质降解。

关键词：低蛋白日粮亮氨酸生长性能肌肉重量蛋白质合成成年大鼠

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Low-carbohydrate diets lead to greater weight loss and better glucose homeostasis than exercise: a randomized clinical trial

《医学前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期页码 460-471 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0861-6

摘要： Lifestyle interventions, including dietary adjustments and exercise, are important for obesity management. This study enrolled adults with overweight or obesity to explore whether either low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) or exercise is more effective in metabolism improvement. Forty-five eligible subjects were randomly divided into an LCD group (n=22) and an exercise group (EX, n=23). The subjects either adopted LCD (carbohydrate intake<50 g/day) or performed moderate-to-vigorous exercise (≥30 min/day) for 3 weeks. After the interventions, LCD led to a larger weight loss than EX (−3.56±0.37 kg vs. −1.24±0.39 kg, P<0.001), as well as a larger reduction in fat mass (−2.10±0.18 kg vs. −1.25±0.24 kg, P=0.007) and waist circumference (−5.25±0.52 cm vs. −3.45±0.38 cm, P=0.008). Both interventions reduced visceral and subcutaneous fat and improved liver steatosis and insulin resistance. Triglycerides decreased in both two groups, whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in the LCD group but decreased in the EX group. Various glycemic parameters, including serum glycated albumin, mean sensor glucose, coefficient of variability (CV), and largest amplitude of glycemic excursions, substantially declined in the LCD group. Only CV slightly decreased after exercise. This pilot study suggested that the effects of LCD and exercise are similar in alleviating liver steatosis and insulin resistance. Compared with exercise, LCD might be more efficient for weight loss and glucose homeostasis in people with obesity.

关键词： low-carbohydrate diet obesity nonalcoholic fatty liver disease continuous glucose monitoring mean sensor glucose

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Can crop science really help us to produce more better-quality food while reducing the world-wide environmental footprint of agriculture?

William J. DAVIES, Susan E. WARD, Alan WILSON

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第1期页码 28-44 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019299

摘要：

This paper reviews recent developments in crop science that can be the basis of a revolution in the global food system but it is also emphasized that such a revolution requires more than changes in food production and supply. We must more effectively feed a growing global population with a healthy diet while also defining and delivering the kinds of sustainable food systems that will minimise damage to our planet. There are exciting new developments in crop production biology but much existing crop science can be exploited to increase yields with the aid of a knowledge exchange (KE) framework requiring the use of new technology now available to most people across the globe. We discuss novel approaches at both the plant and the crop level that will enhance nutrient and water productivity and we also outline ways in which energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reduced and labor shortages combatted. Exploitation of new biology and new engineering opportunities will require development of public-private partnerships and collaborations across the disciplines to allow us to move effectively from discovery science to practical application. It is also important that consumers contribute to the debate over proposed changes to food and farming and so effective KE mechanisms are required between all relevant communities.

关键词： food security environmental sustainability crop water use efficiency crop science diet and health