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Thermo-fluidic devices and materials inspired from mass and energy transport phenomena in biological

Jian XIAO , Jing LIU ,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 47-59 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0068-4

摘要： Mass and energy transport consists of one of the most significant physiological processes in nature, which guarantees many amazing biological phenomena and activities. Borrowing such idea, many state-of-the-art thermo-fluidic devices and materials such as artificial kidneys, carrier erythrocyte, blood substitutes and so on have been successfully invented. Besides, new emerging technologies are still being developed. This paper is dedicated to presenting a relatively complete review of the typical devices and materials in clinical use inspired by biological mass and energy transport mechanisms. Particularly, these artificial thermo-fluidic devices and materials will be categorized into organ transplantation, drug delivery, nutrient transport, micro operation, and power supply. Potential approaches for innovating conventional technologies were discussed, corresponding biological phenomena and physical mechanisms were interpreted, future promising mass-and-energy-transport-based bionic devices were suggested, and prospects along this direction were pointed out. It is expected that many artificial devices based on biological mass and energy transport principle will appear to better improve various fields related to human life in the near future.

关键词： bionics mass transport energy transport artificial devices and materials biology system nature phenomena medical device.

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我国陆路交通能源系统发展战略研究

杨勇平,武平,程鹏,师瑞峰,田新首

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第3期页码 153-162 doi: DOI 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.03.016

摘要：

以能源高质量发展、交通强国建设为契机，推动能源与交通融合，将提升能源、交通两大基础行业的低碳化、高效化、集约化发展水平，支持实现我国碳达峰、碳中和战略目标。本文梳理了陆路交通能源系统的发展现状与趋势，阐述了能源与交通融合的必然性，提出了由动力层、物理层、应用层组成的新型交通能源系统架构；从能源主导、交通主导、能源交通并重等视角，分别剖析了互联电力网、电动化交通、能源交通融合网3 种新型交通能源系统形态。在评估高速公路、高速铁路等典型线路上交通能源系统可利用的自然资源禀赋潜力的基础上，提出了3 层结构、3 类形态、3 种驱动力相结合的陆路交通能源系统发展策略，以引导形成清洁低碳、融合高效的新型综合交通基础设施体系。研究认为，陆路交通能源系统的创新方向主要包括成套核心装备研制、融合系统构建与运维、技术规范与标准体系建设。为此建议，推进以清洁能源为主导、以电能为媒介的现代交通能源系统，创建清洁能源发电‒ 零碳原料燃料‒ 电动化驱动的新型交通动力系统，实施集能源、交通属性于一身的交通能源一体化新型基础设施规划建设。

关键词：陆路交通交通能源系统互联电力网电动化交通能源交通融合网

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Multi-objective dynamic optimization model for China’s road transport energy technology switching

Dan GAO , Zheng LI , Feng FU , Linwei MA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第3期页码 247-253 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0048-3

摘要： Deducting the future switching of the road transport energy technology is one of the key preconditions for relative technology development planning. However, one of the difficulties is to address the issue of multi-objective and conflicting constrains, e.g., minimizing the climate mitigation or minimizing economic cost. In this paper, a dynamic optimization model was established, which can be used to analyze the road transport energy technology switching under multi-objective constrains. Through one case study, a series of solutions could be derived to provide decision-makers with the flexibility to choose the appropriate solution with respect to the given situation.

关键词： technology switching transport energy system multi-objective CO₂ mitigation

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Comparative transcriptomics revealed enhanced light responses, energy transport and storage in domestication

Zhiqiang XIA,Xin CHEN,Cheng LU,Meiling ZOU,Shujuan WANG,Yang ZHANG,Kun PAN,Xincheng ZHOU,Haiyan WANG,Wenquan WANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第4期页码 295-307 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2016126

摘要： Cassava is a staple food, feed and bioenergy crop important to the world especially in the tropics. Domesticated cassava is characterized by powerful carbohydrate accumulation but its wild progenitor is not. Here, we investigated the transcriptional differences of eight cDNA libraries derived from developing leaf, stem and storage root of cassava cv. Arg7 and an ancestor line, W14, using next generation sequencing system. A total of 41302 assembled transcripts were obtained and from these, 25961 transcripts with FPKM≥3 in at least one library were named the expressed genes. A total of 2117, 1963 and 3584 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in leaf, stem and storage root (150 d after planting), respectively, between Arg7 and W14 and ascribed to 103, 93 and 119 important pathways in leaf, stem and storage root, respectively. The highlight of this work is that the genes involved in light response, such as those for photosystem I (PSA) and photosystem II (PSB), other genes involved in light harvesting, and some of the genes in the Calvin cycle of carbon fixation were specially upregulated in leaf. Genes for transport and also for key rate-limiting enzymes (PFK, PGK and PK, GAPDH) coupling ATP consumption in glycolysis pathway were predominantly expressed in stem, and genes for sucrose degradation (INVs), amylose synthesis (GBSS) and hydrolysis (RCP1, AMYs), the three key steps of starch metabolism, and transport associated with energy translocation (ABC, AVPs and ATPase) and their upstream transcription factors had enhanced expression in storage root in domesticated cassava. Co-expression networks among the pathways in each organs revealed the relationship of the genes involved, and uncovered some of the important hub genes and transcription factors targeting genes for photosynthesis, transportation and starch biosynthesis.

关键词： cassava comparative transcriptomics energy transport photosynthesis starch synthesis

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Abating transport GHG emissions by hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: Chances for the developing world

Han HAO, Zhexuan MU, Zongwei LIU, Fuquan ZHAO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第3期页码 466-480 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0561-3

摘要：

Fuel cell vehicles, as the most promising clean vehicle technology for the future, represent the major chances for the developing world to avoid high-carbon lock-in in the transportation sector. In this paper, by taking China as an example, the unique advantages for China to deploy fuel cell vehicles are reviewed. Subsequently, this paper analyzes the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 19 fuel cell vehicle utilization pathways by using the life cycle assessment approach. The results show that with the current grid mix in China, hydrogen from water electrolysis has the highest GHG emissions, at 3.10 kgCO₂/km, while by-product hydrogen from the chlor-alkali industry has the lowest level, at 0.08 kgCO₂/km. Regarding hydrogen storage and transportation, a combination of gas-hydrogen road transportation and single compression in the refueling station has the lowest GHG emissions. Regarding vehicle operation, GHG emissions from indirect methanol fuel cell are proved to be lower than those from direct hydrogen fuel cells. It is recommended that although fuel cell vehicles are promising for the developing world in reducing GHG emissions, the vehicle technology and hydrogen production issues should be well addressed to ensure the life-cycle low-carbon performance.

关键词： hydrogen fuel cell vehicle life cycle assessment energy consumption greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions China

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Revolutionizing heat transport enhancement with liquid metals: Proposal of a new industry of water-free

Haiyan LI, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 20-42 doi: 10.1007/s11708-011-0139-9

摘要： Water is perhaps the most widely adopted working fluid in conventional industrial heat transport engineering. However, it may no longer be the best option today due to the increasing scarcity of water resources. Furthermore, the wide variations in water supply throughout the year and across different geographic regions also makes it harder to easily access. To address this issue, finding new alternatives to replace water-based technologies is imperative. In this paper, the concept of a water-free heat exchanger is proposed and comprehensively analyzed for the first time. The liquid metal with a low melting point is identified as an ideal fluid that can flexibly be used within a wide range of working temperatures. Some liquid metals and their alloys, which have previously received little attention in thermal management areas, are evaluated. With superior thermal conductivity, electromagnetic field drivability, and extremely low power consumption, liquid metal coolants promise many opportunities for revolutionizing modern heat transport processes: serving as heat transport fluid in industries, administrating thermal management in power and energy systems, and innovating enhanced cooling in electronic or optical devices. Furthermore, comparative analyses are conducted to understand the technical barriers encountered by advanced water-based heat transfer strategies and clarify this new frontier in heat-transport study. In addition, the unique merits of liquid metals that could lead to innovative heat exchanger technologies are evaluated comprehensively. A few promising industrial situations, such as heat recovery, chip cooling, thermoelectricity generation, and military applications, where liquid metals could play irreplaceable roles, were outlined. The technical challenges and scientific issues thus raised are summarized. With their evident ability to meet various critical requirements in modern advanced energy and power industries, liquid metal-enabled technologies are expected to usher a new and global era of water-free heat exchangers.

关键词： heat exchanger liquid metal water resource heat transport enhancement coolant thermal management process engineering energy crisis chip cooling

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淮河生态经济带氢能运输走廊发展SWOT分析

张亮亮,刘勇,周凌云

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第3期页码 96-99

摘要：

针对汽车等载运工具消耗石油资源迅速增长而石油资源不足问题，用氢能做汽车等载运工具的燃料，是解决载运工具燃料问题的重要举措之一。国内已在江苏沿海建成非并网风电制氢示范工程，并规划建设沿淮千里淮河氢能运输走廊。本文通过SWOT（strengths,weaknesses，opportunities，threats）分析表明淮河生态经济带氢能运输走廊发展优势与劣势并存，机遇与威胁同在，并提出了淮河生态经济带氢能运输走廊发展目标。最后，本文提出了淮河生态经济带氢能运输走廊发展的对策与建议。

关键词：氢能源汽车；运输走廊；加氢站；SWOT分析

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The source and transport of bioaerosols in the air: A review

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1336-8

摘要：

• Emission of microbe from local environments is a main source of bioaerosols.

关键词： Bioaerosols Diffusion Source identification Biogeography

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燃料/发动机系统的发展——实现可持续运输的途径 Review

Gautam Kalghatgi

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第3期页码 510-518 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.01.009

摘要：

全球对运输能源的需求巨大且不断增长，主要由在内燃机（ICE）中燃烧的石油衍生液体燃料来满足。此外，未来对航空燃油和柴油需求的增长速度预计将快于对汽油的需求，可能会使低辛烷值汽油更容易获得。许多重大措施力争发展电池电动汽车（BEV）和燃料电池作为内燃机汽车的替代品，并寻求如生物燃料和天然气等燃料作为传统液体燃料的替代燃料。然而，这些替代方案中的研究基础都非常薄弱，并且还要克服重大障碍从而快速自由地发展。因此，在未来几十年内，运输（特别是商业运输）将继续主要由燃用石油基液体燃料的内燃机提供动力。因此，只有通过改进内燃机才能确保交通运输的可承受性、能源安全，控制对温室气体（GHG）排放和空气质量的影响。实际上，内燃机在使用目前市场上燃料的同时，通过改进燃烧系统、控制系统和后处理系统，以及在部分电气化混动辅助下将进一步得到改进。然而，通过改进燃料/ 发动机系统，内燃机依旧还有很多发展空间，可以使我们更多地利用制造燃料过程中的收益并使用易于获得的部件。如汽油压燃（GCI），可在压缩点火发动机中使用低辛烷值汽油，使汽油受压缩着火。与现代柴油发动机相比，GCI可以实现接近柴油机的效率，且在成本更低的情况下较易控制氮氧化物（NO_x）和颗粒物的排放。按需辛烷值（OOD）还有助于优化燃料的抗爆性能，从而提高系统的整体效率。

关键词：运输能源内燃机汽油柴油

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Intercontinental transport of air pollution

Lin ZHANG,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 20-29 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0014-7

摘要： There is an increasing interest on the intercontinental transport of air pollution among the three main emission regions at northern mid-latitudes: North America, Europe, and East Asia. Air pollutants with sufficient long lifetime can be transported from one continent to another. Observations from ground sites, aircraft and satellites have demonstrated this intercontinental-scale transport of air pollutants in the free troposphere. Numerical models have been applied to understand the pathways of the transport and the impact of intercontinental pollution transport. This paper reviews current observational evidence and modeling studies of intercontinental transport of ozone and its precursors, and the resulting impacts on air quality.

关键词： intercontinental transport ozone air pollution

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Thermal transport properties of monolayer phosphorene: a mini-review of theoretical studies

Guangzhao QIN, Ming HU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 87-96 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0513-y

摘要： Phosphorene, a two-dimensional (2D) elemental semiconductor with a high carrier mobility and intrinsic direct band gap, possesses fascinating chemical and physical properties distinctively different from other 2D materials. Its rapidly growing applications in nano-/opto-electronics and thermoelectrics call for fundamental understanding of the thermal transport properties. Considering the fact that there have been so many studies on the thermal transport in phosphorene, it is on emerging demand to have a review on the progress of previous studies and give an outlook on future work. In this mini-review, the unique thermal transport properties of phosphorene induced by the hinge-like structure are examined. There exists a huge deviation in the reported thermal conductivity of phosphorene in literature. Besides, the mechanism underlying the deviation is discussed by reviewing the effect of different functionals and cutoff distance in calculating the thermal transport properties of phosphorene. It is found that the (vdW) interactions play a key role in the formation of resonant bonding, which leads to long-ranged interactions. Taking into account of the vdW interactions and including the long-ranged interactions caused by the resonant bonding with large cutoff distance are important for getting the accurate and converged thermal conductivity of phosphorene. Moreover, a fundamental insight into the thermal transport is provided based on the review of resonant bonding in phosphorene. This mini-review summarizes the progress of the thermal transport in phosphorene and gives an outlook on future horizons, which would benefit the design of phosphorene based nano-electronics.

关键词： thermal transport phosphorene resonant bonding

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EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT STRESS ON THE INTESTINES INVOLVING NEURONAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2022469

摘要：

● Transport stress declined the level of leukocytes including lymphocytes in rat serum.

关键词： intestine nNOS nNOS-positive neurons transport stress

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Cooling strategies and transport theories for brain hypothermia resuscitation

LIU Jing

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 32-57 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0004-z

摘要： The brain is one of the most important organs in a biological body whose normal function depends heavily on an uninterrupted delivery of oxygen. Unlike skeletal muscles that can survive for hours without oxygen, neuron cells in the brain are easily subjected to an irreversible damage within minutes from the onset of oxygen deficiency. With the interruption of cardiopulmonary circulation in many cardiac surgical procedures or accidental events leading to cerebral circulation arrest, an imbalance between energy production and consumption will occur which causes a rapid depletion of oxygen due to the interrupted blood-flow to the brain. Meanwhile, the cooling function of the blood flow on the hot tissue will be stopped, while metabolic heat generation in the tissues still keeps running for awhile. Under such adverse situations, the potential for cerebral protection through hypothermia has been intensively investigated in clinics by lowering brain temperature to restrain the cerebral oxygen demands. The reason can be attributed to the decreased metabolic requirements of the cold brain tissues, which allows a longer duration for the brain to endure reduced oxygen delivery. It is now clear that hypothermia would serve as the principal way for neurologic protection in a wide variety of emergency medicines, especially in cerebral damage, anoxia, circulatory arrest, respiratory occlusion, etc. However, although brain cooling has been found uniquely significant in clinical practices, the serious lack of knowledge on the mechanisms involved prevents its further advancement in brain resuscitation. Compared with the expanded trials in clinics, only very limited efforts were made to probe the engineering issues involved, which turns out to be a major obstacle for the successful operation of brain hypothermia resuscitation. From the viewpoint of biothermal medical engineering, the major theories and strategies for administering brain cooling can generally be classified into three categories: heat transfer, oxygen transport and cooling strategy. Aiming to provide a complete overview of the brain hypothermia resuscitation, this article comprehensively summarizes the recent progresses made in theoretical, practical and experimental techniques in the area. Particularly, attention is paid to the mathematical models to quantify the heat and oxygen transport inside the cerebral tissues. Typical cooling strategies to effectively lower brain temperature and thus decrease oxygen consumption rate in the cerebral tissues are analyzed. Approaches to deliver oxygen directly to the target tissues are discussed. Meanwhile, some future efforts worth pursuing within the area of brain cooling are suggested.

关键词： mathematical interruption hypothermia metabolic generation

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Computational fluid dynamics simulation of aerosol transport and deposition

Yingjie TANG, Bing GUO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 362-377 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0365-8

摘要： In this article computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of aerosol transport and deposition, i.e. the transport and deposition of particles in an aerosol, is reviewed. The review gives a brief account of the basics of aerosol mechanics, followed by a description of the general CFD approach for flow field simulation, turbulence modeling, wall treatments and simulation of particle motion and deposition. Then examples from the literature are presented, including CFD simulation of particle deposition in human respiratory tract and particle deposition in aerosol devices. CFD simulation of particle transport and deposition may provide information that is difficult to obtain through physical experiments, and it may help reduce the number of experiments needed for device design. Due to the difficulty of describing turbulent flow and particle-eddy interaction, turbulent dispersion of particles remains one of the greatest challenges for CFD simulation. However, it is possible to take a balanced approach toward quantitative description of aerosol dispersion using CFD simulation in conjunction with empirical relations.

关键词： computational fluid dynamics (CFD) aerosol transport deposition

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Seasonal variations of transport pathways andpotential sources of PM

Yuan Chen, Shaodong Xie, Bin Luo

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-018-1009-z

摘要： Seasonal pattern of transport pathways and potential sourcesof PM in Chengdu during 2012–2013were investigated based on hourly PM data,backward trajectories, clustering analysis, potential source contributionfunction (PSCF), and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) method.The annual hourly mean PM concentrationin Chengdu was 97.4 mg·m . 5, 5, 5 and 3 mean clusters were generatedin four seasons, respectively. Short-distance air masses, which travelledwithin the Sichuan Basin with no specific source direction and relativelyhigh PM loadings (>80 mg·m ) appearedas important pathways in all seasons. These short pathways indicatedthat emissions from both local and surrounding regions of Chengducontributed significantly to PM pollution.The cities in southern Chengdu were major potential sources with PSCF>0.6and CWT>90 mg·m . The northeastern pathway prevailed throughoutthe year with higher frequency in autumn and winter and lower frequencyin spring and summer. In spring, long-range transport from southernXinjiang was a representative dust invasion path to Chengdu, and theCWT values along the path were 30-60 mg·m . Long-range transportwas also observed in autumn from southeastern Xinjiang along a northwesterlypathway, and in winter from the Tibetan Plateau along a westerly pathway.In summer, the potential source regions of Chengdu were smaller thanthose in other seasons, and no long-range transport pathway was observed.Results of PSCF and CWT indicated that regions in Qinghai and Tibetcontributed to PM pollution in Chengdu aswell, and their CWT values increased to above 30 mg·m in winter.

关键词： Transport pathway Backwardtrajectory Clustering analysis Potential source Chengdu