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Toxicity models of metal mixtures established on the basis of “additivity” and “interactions”

Yang Liu,Martina G. Vijver,Bo Pan,Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0916-8

摘要： · No preference is set between CA and IA models to assess toxicity of metal mixtures. · Increased model complexity does not, by itself, lead to improved performance. · Not all significant deviations have biological meaning due to poor reproducibility. · Interactions are suggested to incorporate when they are significant and repeated. Observed effects of metal mixtures on animals and plants often differ from the estimates, which are commonly calculated by adding up the biological responses of individual metals. This difference from additivity is commonly referred to as being a consequence of specific interactions between metals. The science of how to quantify metal interactions and whether to include them in risk assessment models is in its infancy. This review summarizes the existing predictive tools for evaluating the combined toxicity of metals present in mixtures and indicates the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We intend to provide eco-toxicologists with background information on how to make good use of the tools and how to advance the methods for assessing toxicity of metal mixtures. It is concluded that statistically significant deviations from additivity are not necessarily biologically relevant. Incorporation of interactions between metals in a model does not on forehand mean that the model is more accurate than a model developed based on additivity only. It is recommended to first use a relatively simple method for effect prediction of uninvestigated metal mixtures. To improve the reliability of toxicity modeling for metal mixtures, further efforts should focus on balancing the relationship between the significance of statistics and the biological meaning, and unraveling the toxicity mechanisms of metals and their mixtures.

关键词： Metal Mixtures Toxicity Additivity Modeling Interactions

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Scientific significance of ancient maps of Yellow River and Grand Canal for water conservancy in China

Xiaocong LI,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第4期页码 445-454 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0063-9

摘要： Based on the study of ancient maps preserved in China and abroad, the systematic nature and practical meaning of the maps of the Yellow River and Grand Canal is demonstrated. It is pointed out that the ancient maps not only record the spatial information of the established water conservancy engineering for river harnessing but also the management systems of the rivers in history. Besides, the maps provide abundant information on nature, humanity, and geography and possess high value in academic research and art appreciation.

关键词： information management established appreciation practical

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确立中医药战略地位的重要意义

贾谦,陈永杰,陈光曼,杨巨平,应光荣

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第7期页码 4-13

摘要：

中医学以“天人相应”、“阴阳平衡”为哲学基础，以“整体观念”、“辨证论治”为主要特点，以中药、针灸等为主要治疗手段来调整、激发人体的自我康复能力，纠正人体的偏常之性而达到防病治病目的。中医学所提倡的人与自然（包括细菌、病毒等）和谐共处，而不是对微生物大规模灭活的理念，维持了微生物与人类之间微妙的生理平衡，这正是医学未来的发展方向。千百年来，中医药为中华民族的繁衍昌盛做出了不可磨灭的贡献，使其在无数次瘟疫的侵袭下从未像欧洲一样一死上千万人；同时，中医药“简便廉验”，在预防和治疗慢性病、多因素复杂性疾病以及新型病毒性疾病等方面尤有所长，故只有建立中西医并重的卫生保健体系，才能保障中国13亿人口的健康，才能解决9亿农民和城市贫困人口的缺医少药问题。建议实施“中医药五大振兴工程”，即中医药政策法规保障工程、中医药人才工程、中医药科研工程、乡村中医工程以及中医药行政管理体制改革工程，以做到中医药的可持续发展。

关键词：中医学中医药政策中医药人才乡村中医工程中医药管理体制改革