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Structural design of morphing trailing edge actuated by SMA

Qi WANG, Zhiwei XU, Qian ZHU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第8卷第3期页码 268-275 doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0261-y

摘要：

In this paper, the morphing trailing edge is designed to achieve the up and down deflection under the aerodynamic load. After a detailed and accurate computational analysis to determine the SMA specifications and layout programs, a solid model is created in CATIA and the structures of the morphing wing trailing edge are produced by CNC machining. A set of DSP measurement and control system is designed to accomplish the controlling experiment of the morphing wing trailing edge. At last, via the force analysis, the trailing edge is fabricated with four sections of aluminum alloy, and the arrangement scheme of SMA wires is determined. Experiment of precise control integral has been performed to survey the control effect. The experiment consists of deflection angle tests of the third joint and the integral structure. Primarily, the ultimate deflection angle is tested in these two experiments. Therefore, the controlling experiment of different angles could be performed within this range. The results show that the deflection error is less than 4% and response time is less than 6.7 s, the precise controlling of the morphing trailing edge is preliminary realized.

关键词： morphing wing trailing edge shape memory alloy digital signal processor PID algorithm

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Design concepts of an aircraft wing: composite and morphing airfoil with auxetic structures

P R BUDARAPU,Sudhir Sastry Y B,R NATARAJAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 394-408 doi: 10.1007/s11709-016-0352-z

摘要： This paper is categorized into two parts. (1) A frame work to design the aircraft wing structure and (2) analysis of a morphing airfoil with auxetic structure. The developed design frame work in the first part is used to arrive at the sizes of the various components of an aircraft wing structure. The strength based design is adopted, where the design loads are extracted from the aerodynamic loads. The aerodynamic loads acting on a wing structure are converted to equivalent distributed loads, which are further converted point loads to arrive at the shear forces, bending and twisting moments along the wing span. Based on the estimated shear forces, bending and twisting moments, the strength based design is employed to estimate the sizes of various sections of a composite wing structure. A three dimensional numerical model of the composite wing structure has been developed and analyzed for the extreme load conditions. Glass fiber reinforced plastic material is used in the numerical analysis. The estimated natural frequencies are observed to be in the acceptable limits. Furthermore, the discussed design principles in the first part are extended to the design of a morphing airfoil with auxetic structure. The advantages of the morphing airfoil with auxetic structure are (i) larger displacement with limited straining of the components and (ii) unique deformation characteristics, which produce a theoretical in-plane Poisson’s ratio of −1. Aluminum Alloy AL6061-T651 is considered in the design of all the structural elements. The compliance characteristics of the airfoil are investigated through a numerical model. The numerical results are observed to be in close agreement with the experimental results in the literature.

关键词： wing design aerodynamic loads morphing airfoil auxetic structures negative Poisson’s ratio

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Deformation analysis of shape memory polymer for morphing wing skin under airflow

Weilong YIN, Jingcang LIU, Jinsong LENG,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第4期页码 447-449 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0062-5

摘要： The method for analyzing the out-of-plane deformation of a flexible skin under airflow is developed in this paper. The aerodynamic analysis is performed using the CFD software, and the structural analysis is performed using finite element method. The chief aim of the present study is to investigate the out-of-plane deformation of the shape memory polymer (SMP) skin at different temperatures. Numerical results show that the maximum out-of-plane displacement of the SMP skin increases with increasing temperature. When the SMP skin is heated to 53°C, the maximum out-of-plane displacement is about 7 mm. It decreases by 72%, when the SMP skin is applied with a uniform pre-strain of 0.1.

关键词： aircraft morphing skin shape memory polymer (SMP) deformation pre-strain

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Kinematical synthesis of an inversion of the double linked fourbar for morphing wing applications

J. AGUIRREBEITIA, R. AVILéS, I. FERNáNDEZ, M. ABASOLO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第8卷第1期页码 17-32 doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0364-5

摘要：

This paper presents the kinematical features of an inversion of the double linked fourbar for morphing wing purposes. The structure of the mechanism is obtained using structural synthesis concepts, from an initial conceptual schematic. Then, kinematic characteristics as instant center of rotation, lock positions, dead point positions and uncertainty positions are derived for this mechanism in order to face the last step, the dimensional synthesis; in this sense, two kinds of dimensional synthesis are arranged to guide the wing along two positions, and to fulfill with the second one some aerodynamic and minimum actuation energy related issues.

关键词： morphing wing structural synthesis dimensional synthesis geometrical kinematics

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Design and applications of morphing aircraft and their structures

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-023-0750-6

摘要： Morphing aircraft can adaptively regulate their aerodynamic layout to meet the demands of varying flight conditions, improve their aerodynamic efficiency, and reduce their energy consumption. The design and fabrication of high-performance, lightweight, and intelligent morphing structures have become a hot topic in advanced aircraft design. This paper discusses morphing aircraft development history, structural characteristics, existing applications, and future prospects. First, some conventional mechanical morphing aircraft are examined with focus on their morphing modes, mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages. Second, the novel applications of several technologies for morphing unmanned aerial vehicles, including additive manufacturing for fabricating complex morphing structures, lattice technology for reducing structural weight, and multi-mode morphing combined with flexible skins and foldable structures, are summarized and categorized. Moreover, in consideration of the further development of active morphing aircraft, the paper reviews morphing structures driven by smart material actuators, such as shape memory alloy and macro-fiber composites, and analyzes their advantages and limitations. Third, the paper discusses multiple challenges, including flexible structures, flexible skins, and control systems, in the design of future morphing aircraft. Lastly, the development and application of morphing structures in the aerospace field are discussed to provide a reference for future research and engineering applications.

关键词： morphing aircraft additive manufacturing lattice structure smart material flexible structure flexible skin

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Investigations on color variations of Morpho rhetenor butterfly wing scales

Guanglan LIAO, Haibo ZUO, Xuan JIANG, Xuefeng YANG, Tielin SHI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第7卷第4期页码 394-400 doi: 10.1007/s11465-012-0347-y

摘要：

Experiments and simulations are carried out to investigate the optical properties of butterfly wing scales. The upper surface of a male butterfly wing presents a single-layer of scales, the microstructures of which are responsible for the brilliant blue color. The color varies from cyan blue to yellow green and soon afterwards returns back to cyan blue when some ethanol is dropped on the upper surface. At the start of the ethanol volatilization process, the reflection spectrum remains stable. As the ethanol further volatilizes, the peak reflectance decreases slightly, then increases dramatically. Meanwhile, the peak wavelength keeps approximately constant, then decreases, and keeps almost stable at the end of the process. Therefore, the optical properties depend strongly on the varying ambient conditions, including the refractive index and the thickness of the packing medium. Moreover, the possible causes for the scales in dark green region after several dropping ethanol experiments are clarified. This research benefits our understanding of the color variation mechanisms of the wing scales, and provides inspiration for further studies and applications.

关键词： Morpho rhetenor microstructures color variations ambient medium

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Deformation characteristics of corrugated composites for morphing wings

Ruijun GE, Bangfeng WANG, Changwei MOU, Yong ZHOU,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第5卷第1期页码 73-78 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0063-4

摘要： To meet the needs of morphing and withstand aerodynamic loads of a morphing wing skin, a corrugated glass fabric-epoxy laminated composite is prepared and investigated in this paper. This composite is flexible in the corrugated direction and stiff in the transverse direction to the corrugation. FEM models are established and solved to predict the characteristics of the composites by the commercial FEM software ANSYS. The relationship between the configuration of elongation and tensile load along the corrugation direction is obtained through numerical simulation. To reflect the stretching superiority of the configuration, the elongation of corrugated and flat composites is calculated and compared under the same tensile load. The linear cumulative effect of corrugated composites deformation is proved by calculating the elongation of the composites with several different corrugation numbers. Several corrugated composite specimens were manufactured and tested to verify the results of numerical analysis and the equivalent elastic modulus of the composites were also evaluated through the specimen tests. Results of simulation and experiments show that the corrugated composite provided in this paper can afford obviously larger deformation than the flat one. The corrugated composite can provide a possible choice for morphing wing skin.

关键词： corrugated composites deformation characteristic numerical analysis experiment

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Module-based method for design and analysis of reconfigurable parallel robots

Fengfeng XI, Yuwen LI, Hongbo WANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第6卷第2期页码 151-159 doi: 10.1007/s11465-011-0121-6

摘要：

This paper presents a method for the design and analysis of reconfigurable parallel robots. The inherent modularity in a parallel robot lends itself as a natural candidate for reconfiguration. By taking the branches as building blocks, many modular parallel robots can be constructed, from which a reconfigurable parallel robot can be realized. Among three types of reconfigurations, namely, geometry morphing, topology morphing, and group morphing, the method presented here is for the last two reconfigurations, thereby advancing the current research that is mainly limited to geometry morphing. It is shown that the module-based method not only provides a systematic way of designing a reconfigurable parallel robot, but also offers a unified modeling for robot analysis. Two examples are provided, one showing the topology morphing and the other showing the group morphing.

关键词： reconfigurable parallel robot topology morphing group morphing

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Edge preparation methods for cutting tools: a review

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-023-0766-y

摘要： Edge preparation can remove cutting edge defects, such as burrs, chippings, and grinding marks, generated in the grinding process and improve the cutting performance and service life of tools. Various edge preparation methods have been proposed for different tool matrix materials, geometries, and application requirements. This study presents a scientific and systematic review of the development of tool edge preparation technology and provides ideas for its future development. First, typical edge characterization methods, which associate the microgeometric characteristics of the cutting edge with cutting performance, are briefly introduced. Then, edge preparation methods for cutting tools, in which materials at the cutting edge area are removed to decrease defects and obtain a suitable microgeometry of the cutting edge for machining, are discussed. New edge preparation methods are explored on the basis of existing processing technologies, and the principles, advantages, and limitations of these methods are systematically summarized and analyzed. Edge preparation methods are classified into two categories: mechanical processing methods and nontraditional processing methods. These methods are compared from the aspects of edge consistency, surface quality, efficiency, processing difficulty, machining cost, and general availability. In this manner, a more intuitive understanding of the characteristics can be gained. Finally, the future development direction of tool edge preparation technology is prospected.

关键词： edge preparation method preparation principle cutting edge geometry edge characterization tool performance

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Frequencies of circular plate with concentric ring and elastic edge support

null

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第9卷第2期页码 168-176 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0299-5

摘要：

Exact solutions for the flexural vibrations of circular plates having elastic edge conditions along with rigid concentric ring support have been presented in this paper. Values of frequency parameter for the considered circular plate are computed for different sets of values of elastic rotational and translation restraints and the radius of internal rigid ring support. The results for the first three modes of plate vibrations are computed and are presented in tabular form. The effects of rotational and linear restraints and the radius of the rigid ring support on the vibration behavior of circular plates are studied over a wide range of non-dimensional parametric values. The values of the exact frequency parameter presented in this paper for varying values of restraint parameters and the radius of the rigid ring support can better serve in design and as benchmark solutions to validate the numerical methods obtained by using other methods of solution.

关键词： circular plate frequency elastic edge rigid ring mode switching

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Knife-edge technique for laser cooling

WANG Zhanshan, MA Shanshan, MA Yan, ZHAO Min, LIU Hengbiao

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第2卷第4期页码 468-473 doi: 10.1007/s11465-007-0081-z

摘要： The transfer characteristics of an atomic beam and the effect of laser were investigated in this paper. In the application of knife-edge technique, the temperature of atoms through laser cooling was measured. Results indicate that, after atoms are emitted from an atomic oven, the longer the atoms move, the worse the distribution of the atomic beam shows, regardless the laser cooling is taken or not. Laser cooling can reduce the transverse velocity of the atomic beam to several orders of magnitude and also increase the uniformity of an atomic beam. Knife-edge technique can measure the temperature of an atomic beam through laser cooling. The measurement accuracy depends on the pixel size of the charge coupled device (CCD), which is used for the fluorescent imaging of the atomic beam. The results are very important for the future experiments of laser cooling.

关键词： knife-edge technique uniformity coupled transfer fluorescent

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Real-time task processing method based on edge computing for spinning CPS

Shiyong YIN, Jinsong BAO, Jie LI, Jie ZHANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第14卷第3期页码 320-331 doi: 10.1007/s11465-019-0542-1

摘要： Spinning production is a typical continuous manufacturing process characterized by high speed and uncertain dynamics. Each manufacturing unit in spinning production produces various real-time tasks, which may affect production efficiency and yarn quality if not processed in time. This paper presents an edge computing-based method that is different from traditional centralized cloud computation because its decentralization characteristics meet the high-speed and high-response requirements of yarn production. Edge computing nodes, real-time tasks, and edge computing resources are defined. A system model is established, and a real-time task processing method is proposed for the edge computing scenario. Experimental results indicate that the proposed real-time task processing method based on edge computing can effectively solve the delay problem of real-time task processing in spinning cyber-physical systems, save bandwidth, and enhance the security of task transmission.

关键词： edge computing real-time task scheduling CPS spinning

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边缘计算技术发展与对策研究

洪学海,汪洋

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第2期页码 20-26 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.02.004

摘要：

边缘计算是一项正在兴起的技术，通过把计算、存储、带宽、应用等资源放在网络的边缘侧，以便减小传输延迟和带宽消耗。同时，应用开发者和内容提供商可以根据实时的网络信息提供可感知的服务。移动终端、物联网等设备为计算敏感型的应用提供了必要的前端处理支撑，例如图像识别、网络游戏等应用，以利用边缘计算的处理能力分担云端工作负荷。本文介绍了边缘计算的概念、需解决的关键问题、主要研究进展，边缘计算发展带来的影响以及边缘计算带来的机遇和发展对策。

关键词：云计算边缘计算雾计算移动边缘计算物联网前端智能

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Tailoring electrical conductivity of two dimensional nanomaterials using plasma for edge electronics:

Aswathy Vasudevan, Vasyl Shvalya, Aleksander Zidanšek, Uroš Cvelbar

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 427-443 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1805-4

摘要： Since graphene has been discovered, two-dimensional nanomaterials have attracted attention due to their promising tunable electronic properties. The possibility of tailoring electrical conductivity at the atomic level allows creating new prospective 2D structures for energy harvesting and sensing-related applications. In this respect, one of the most successful way to manipulate the physical properties of the aforementioned materials is related to the surface modification techniques employing plasma. Moreover, plasma-gaseous chemical treatment can provide a controlled change in the bandgap, increase sensitivity and significantly improve the structural stability of material to the environment as well. This review deals with recent advances in the modification of 2D carbon nanostructures for novel ‘edge’ electronics using plasma technology and processes.

关键词： graphene edge electronics 2D nanomaterials plasma electrical conductivity

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分级移动边缘云中节省开销的资源分配 Special Feature on Future Network-Research Article

Ming-shuang JIN, Shuai GAO, Hong-bin LUO, Hong-ke ZHANG

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第20卷第9期页码 1209-1220 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800203

摘要： 5G网络的云化使第三方服务提供商能够在网络边缘部署服务（例如，边缘缓存与边缘计算）。已有工作都是站在特定服务提供商角度，以最大化其收益为目标来研究服务策略（如，内容缓存策略与虚拟CPU分配策略）。然而，尚未有相关工作从网络运营商角度，在满足第三方服务提供商部署需求基础上进行合理、有效的资源分配。本文针对该问题建立了优化模型，目标是最小化所有服务提供商的部署开销。为描述服务提供商的部署需求，将所有应用分为两类，即计算密集型应用和存储密集型应用，并将这两类应用的需求作为优化问题的输入参数。由于建立的数学模型是非凸优化且是NP难问题，设计了基于精英保留策略的遗传算法来求得最优解。通过仿真验证了所设计算法的可行性和有效性。

关键词：边缘云；边缘计算；边缘缓存；资源分配；虚拟机分配

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标题作者时间类型操作

Structural design of morphing trailing edge actuated by SMA

Qi WANG, Zhiwei XU, Qian ZHU

期刊论文

Design concepts of an aircraft wing: composite and morphing airfoil with auxetic structures

P R BUDARAPU,Sudhir Sastry Y B,R NATARAJAN

期刊论文

Deformation analysis of shape memory polymer for morphing wing skin under airflow

Weilong YIN, Jingcang LIU, Jinsong LENG,

期刊论文