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The Major Root Causes of Smog in China and Technologies and Solutions to Reduce It

Ke Liu

《工程管理前沿(英文)》 2016年 第3卷 第4期   页码 343-348 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016053

摘要: This paper discusses the two major root causes of smog in China. The first one is the distributed coal combustion in many small and medium sized boilers which have no emission control systems installed. To resolve this problem, there are several ways, such as increasing the centralized coal combustion for heat and power cogeneration; or converting coal to SNG in areas where there is enough water resource and removing the pollutants of the coal in the centralized coal to SNG plant, or refining the coal and making it cleaner first before combustion. The second major cause of smog is the low quality diesel and outdated diesel engines used in China. To solve this problem, there are some ways, such as improving the diesel quality to meet the national V standard, and meanwhile, enhancing the law enforcement to eliminate these outdated diesel engines that do not meet the national emission standards; in addition, combusting cleaner and cheaper fuel such as methanol or DME in the diesel engines is also an option for certain areas where there are abundant alternative fuels such as methanol to replace diesel.

关键词: smog     emissions     coal refining     coal utilization     solutions    

Discussion of solutions to ethical issues in real-world study

null

《医学前沿(英文)》 2014年 第8卷 第3期   页码 316-320 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0354-y

摘要:

In recent years, the paradigm of real-world study (RWS) has been at the forefront of clinical research worldwide, particularly in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper, basic features and nature of real-world clinical studies are discussed, and ethical issues in different stages of RWS are raised and reviewed. Moreover, some preliminary solutions to these issues, such as protecting subjects during the process of RWS and performing ethical review, are presented based on recent practices and basic ethical rules to improve the scientific validity and ethical level of RWS.

关键词: real-world study     ethics     strategy    

Exploring solutions for sustainable agriculture with “green” and “development” tags in Africa

Felix D. DAKORA, Jianbo SHEN, Fusuo ZHANG, Xiaoqiang JIAO

《农业科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2020年 第7卷 第4期   页码 363-365 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020356

LARM PKM solutions for torso design in humanoid robots

Marco CECCARELLI

《机械工程前沿(英文)》 2014年 第9卷 第4期   页码 308-316 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0318-6

摘要:

Human-like torso features are essential in humanoid robots. In this paper problems for design and operation of solutions for a robotic torso are discussed by referring to experiences and designs that have been developed at Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics (LARM) in Cassino, Italy. A new solution is presented with conceptual views as waist-trunk structure that makes a proper partition of the performance for walking and arm operations as sustained by a torso.

关键词: humanoid robots     torso design     parallel manipulators (PKM)     conceptual design    

Key problems and solutions in arch dam heightening

Zuoguang FU, Yunlong HE, Sheng SU

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2011年 第5卷 第1期   页码 98-104 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0004-7

摘要: The dam heightening, which is an effective way to increase reservoir volume, has been paid close attention by engineers. Three problems should be dealt with when an arch dam needs to be heightened: stress state getting worse at dam heel, cracking on new added concrete dam surface, and weak bonding between new added concrete and old dam. Taking Geba arch dam as an example, these problems are examined in details through simulation analysis by the finite element method. The tensile stresses on dam’s surface and joint face that have certain relations to the dam heightening can be controlled by some measures.

关键词: arch dam     heighten     tensile stress     finite element method    

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

Wei WANG, Yuxiang LUO, Wei QIAO,

《环境科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2010年 第4卷 第1期   页码 102-107 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0001-z

摘要: In China, over 1.43×10 tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.

关键词: sewage sludge disposal     water content     thermal drying     hydrothermal conditioning    

Highly efficient and selective removal of vanadium from tungstate solutions by microbubble floating-extraction

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2023年 第17卷 第5期   页码 581-593 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2235-2

摘要: Selective separation of dissolved tungsten and vanadium is of great significance for the utilization of the secondary resources of these elements. In this work, selective removal of vanadium from tungstate solutions via microbubble floating-extraction was systematically investigated. The results indicated that vanadium can be more easily mineralized over tungsten from tungstate solutions using methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride as mineralization reagent under weak alkaline conditions. Owing to the higher bubble and interface mass transfer rates, high-efficiency enrichment and deep separation of vanadium could be achieved easily. Additionally, the deep recovery of tungsten and vanadium from the floated organic phase could be easily realized using a mixed solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride as stripping agents. The separation mechanism mainly included the formation of hydrophobic complexes, their attachment on the surface of rising bubbles, and their mass transfer at the oil–water interface. Under the optimal conditions, the removal efficiency of vanadium reached 98.5% with tungsten loss below 8% after two-stage microbubble floating-extraction. Therefore, the microbubble floating-extraction could be an efficient approach for separating selectively vanadium from tungstate solutions, exhibiting outstanding advantages of high separation efficiency and low consumption of organic solvents.

关键词: tungsten     vanadium     selective separation     reagent mineralization     microbubble floating-extraction    

Controlled synthesis of uniform silver nanowires with high aspect ratios in aqueous solutions of gemini

XU Jian, LIU Weijun, LIU Honglai, HU Ying

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2007年 第1卷 第3期   页码 221-227 doi: 10.1007/s11705-007-0040-6

摘要: A simple solution-phase approach has been demonstrated for the large-scale synthesis of silver nanowires with diameters in the range of 15 25 nm, and lengths usually in the range of tens of micrometers. In the presence of gemini surfactant 1,3-bis(cetyldimethylammonium) propane dibromide (16-3-16), the growth of silver could be directed into a highly anisotropic mode to form uniform nanowires with aspect ratios up to about 2,000. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction (ED), and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, were used to characterize the as-prepared silver nanowires, indicating the formation of a highly pure phase, good crystallinity, as well as a uniform diameter.

关键词: solution-phase     photoelectron spectroscopy     16-3-16     surfactant     transmission    

Experimental studies on extraction of cobalt ions from dilute aqueous solutions by using complexation-ultrafiltration

Jianxian ZENG, Junfeng LIU, Niandong HUANG,

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2010年 第4卷 第3期   页码 360-366 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0269-3

摘要: The extraction of cobalt ions from dilute aqueous solutions was investigated by ultrafiltration with the help of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salt (PAASS). Polysulfone and polyethersulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes were employed in this process. The kinetics of complexation reaction was studied for PAASS with Co. Results showed that, under a large excess of PAASS, it takes 65, 55 and 40 min at pH 5, 6 and 7, respectively, to get the equilibrium of complexation. The reaction kinetics can be described by a pseudo-first-order equation. Then, the effects of various parameters on the extraction of Co were examined in detail. Results indicated that loading ratio, pH value and low-molecular competitive complexing agent affect significantly cobalt rejection coefficient . Furthermore, a concentration experiment was carried out at pH 7. With increasing volume concentration factor, membrane flux declines slowly, and value is always about 1. The concentrated retentate was used further for a decomplexation experiment. The decomplexation ratio of cobalt-PAASS complex reaches as high as 90.1%. After the decomplexation step, a diafiltration experiment was performed at pH 2.5. Cobalt ions can be extracted satisfactorily from the retentate, and a purified PAASS is obtained.

Removal of Rhodamine B from aqueous solutions and wastewater by walnut shells: kinetics, equilibrium

Jasmin Shah, M. Rasul Jan, Attaul Haq, Younas Khan

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2013年 第7卷 第4期   页码 428-436 doi: 10.1007/s11705-013-1358-x

摘要: An adsorption study of Rhodamine B (RB) dye from aqueous solutions was carried out using walnut shells pretreated by different methods. In addition to the effects of the pretreatment, the effects of various parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature on the adsorption of RB was studied. The adsorption process was highly pH dependent and a maximum adsorption was achieved at pH 3.0. The best fit for the rates of dye adsorption was a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with good correlation coefficients ( >0.99). Langmuir isotherms were used to determine that the maximum loading capacity of the different walnut shells and the RB capacities ranged from 1.451–2.292 mg·g . The dye adsorption was also evaluated thermodynamically. Positive standard enthalpy (? °) values were obtained indicating that the RB adsorption process is endothermic as well as ? ° and ? ° values showed that adsorption process is spontaneous with an increased randomness at the solid-liquid interface. Desorption studies were carried out to explore the feasibility of regenerating the used walnut shells and it was found that 97.71%–99.17% of the retained RB was recovered with 0.1 mol?L NaOH solution. The walnut shells were also successfully used to remove RB from industrial effluents.

关键词: Rhodamine B     walnut shell adsorption     kinetics     isotherms     regeneration    

Urban agriculture as nature-based solutions: Three key strategies to tackle emerging issues on food security

《工程管理前沿(英文)》   页码 736-741 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0262-4

摘要: Urban agriculture as nature-based solutions: Three key strategies to tackle emerging issues on food security in Chinese cities under climatic and non-climatic challenges

关键词: key strategies tackle     Urban agriculture nature     challenges    

Investigation of bubble diameter and flow regime between water and dilute aqueous ethanol solutions in

Baharak SAJJADI, Mostafa Keshavarz MORAVEJI, Reza DAVARNEJAD

《化学科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2011年 第5卷 第2期   页码 194-202 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-1019-2

摘要: In this study, the effect of ethanol addition into pure water and its concentration on bubble diameter, gas hold-up and flow regimes were investigated in an airlift reactor. Air and water with ethanol (concentration ranging from 0%–1%, v/v) were as dispersed and continuous phases, respectively. Superficial gas velocity was considered as an effective parameter. Bubble size distribution was measured by photography and picture analysis at various concentrations of ethanol and various velocities of gas. Alcohol concentration enhancement caused bubble diameter to decrease. Furthermore, the bubbles diameter in pure water was nearly 4 times higher than that of ethanol with concentration of 1% (v/v) and also was 3.4 times higher than that of ethanol with concentration of 0.25% (v/v) at the highest aeration gas velocity inlet. For ethanol solutions in lower superficial gas velocity, a homogenous flow regime was observed. This trend continued to inlet gas velocity of about 0.4 cm/s. The transition flow regime occurred after this datum although in pure water, a homogenous flow regime was observed up to a superficial gas velocity of 0.7 cm/s. The gas hold-up in dilute ethanol solutions were more than (around 2 times) that of pure water and increased with increasing concentration of ethanol in those solutions.

关键词: airlift rector     bubble diameter     gas hold-up     flow regime     ethanol    

DIVERSIFYING AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY: EXPERIENCE FROM STUDIES DEPLOYING NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS

《农业科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2022年 第9卷 第2期   页码 214-237 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021437

摘要:

To achieve the triple challenge of food security, reversing biodiversity declines plus mitigating and adapting to climate change, there is a drive to embed ecological principles into agricultural, value-chain practices and decision-making. By diversifying cropping systems at several scales there is potential to decrease reliance on inputs, provide resilience to abiotic and biotic stress, enhance plant, microbe and animal biodiversity, and mitigate against climate change. In this review we highlight the research performed in Scotland over the past 5 years into the impact of the use of ecological principles in agriculture on sustainability, resilience and provision of ecosystem functions. We demonstrate that diversification of the system can enhance ecosystem functions. Soil and plant management interventions, including nature-based solutions, can also enhance soil quality and utilization of legacy nutrients. Additionally, this is facilitated by greater reliance on soil biological processes and trophic interactions. We highlight the example of intercropping with legumes to deliver sustainability through ecological principles and use legumes as an exemplar of the innovation. We conclude that there are many effective interventions that can be made to deliver resilient, sustainable, and diverse agroecosystems for crop and food production, and these may be applicable in any agroecosystem.

 

关键词: diversification / ecological principles / legumes / plant management / soil management / soil ecosystem services    

P2P energy trading via public power networks: Practical challenges, emerging solutions, and the way forward

《能源前沿(英文)》 2023年 第17卷 第2期   页码 189-197 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0873-9

摘要: Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is an emerging energy supply paradigm where customers with distributed energy resources (DERs) are allowed to directly trade and share electricity with each other. P2P energy trading can facilitate local power and energy balance, thus being a potential way to manage the rapidly increasing number of DERs in net zero transition. It is of great importance to explore P2P energy trading via public power networks, to which most DERs are connected. Despite the extensive research on P2P energy trading, there has been little large-scale commercial deployment in practice across the world. In this paper, the practical challenges of conducting P2P energy trading via public power networks are identified and presented, based on the analysis of a practical Local Virtual Private Networks (LVPNs) case in North Wales, UK. The ongoing efforts and emerging solutions to tackling the challenges are then summarized and critically reviewed. Finally, the way forward for facilitating P2P energy trading via public power networks is proposed.

关键词: distribution network     local virtual private network     network charges     peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading     practical implementation.    

Removing phosphorus from aqueous solutions by using iron-modified corn straw biochar

Fenglin LIU,Jiane ZUO,Tong CHI,Pei WANG,Bo YANG

《环境科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2015年 第9卷 第6期   页码 1066-1075 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0769-y

摘要: Iron-modified corn straw biochar was used as an adsorbent to remove phosphorus from agricultural runoff. When agricultural runoffs with a total phosphorus (TP) concentration of 1.86 mg·L to 2.47 mg·L were filtered at a hydraulic retention time of 2 h through a filtration column packed with the modified biochar, a TP removal efficiency of over 99% and an effluent TP concentration of less than 0.02 mg·L were achieved. The isotherms of the phosphorus adsorption by the modified biochar fitted the Freundlich equation better than the Langmuir equation. The mechanism of the phosphorus adsorbed by the modified biochar was analyzed by using various technologies, i.e. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicated that the surface of the modified biochar was covered by small iron granules, which were identified as Fe O . The results also showed that new iron oxides were formed on the surface of the modified biochar after the adsorption of phosphorus. Moreover, new bonds of Fe-O-P and P-C were found, which suggested that the new iron oxides tend to be Fe (PO ) (OH) . Aside from removing phosphorus, adding the modified biochar into soil also improved soil productivity. When the modified biochar-to-soil rate was 5%, the stem, root, and bean of broad bean plants demonstrated increased growth rates of 91%, 64%, and 165%, respectively.

关键词: iron-modified biochar     phosphorus removal     agricultural waste     agricultural runoff    

标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

The Major Root Causes of Smog in China and Technologies and Solutions to Reduce It

Ke Liu

期刊论文

Discussion of solutions to ethical issues in real-world study

null

期刊论文

Exploring solutions for sustainable agriculture with “green” and “development” tags in Africa

Felix D. DAKORA, Jianbo SHEN, Fusuo ZHANG, Xiaoqiang JIAO

期刊论文

LARM PKM solutions for torso design in humanoid robots

Marco CECCARELLI

期刊论文

Key problems and solutions in arch dam heightening

Zuoguang FU, Yunlong HE, Sheng SU

期刊论文

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

Wei WANG, Yuxiang LUO, Wei QIAO,

期刊论文

Highly efficient and selective removal of vanadium from tungstate solutions by microbubble floating-extraction

期刊论文

Controlled synthesis of uniform silver nanowires with high aspect ratios in aqueous solutions of gemini

XU Jian, LIU Weijun, LIU Honglai, HU Ying

期刊论文

Experimental studies on extraction of cobalt ions from dilute aqueous solutions by using complexation-ultrafiltration

Jianxian ZENG, Junfeng LIU, Niandong HUANG,

期刊论文

Removal of Rhodamine B from aqueous solutions and wastewater by walnut shells: kinetics, equilibrium

Jasmin Shah, M. Rasul Jan, Attaul Haq, Younas Khan

期刊论文

Urban agriculture as nature-based solutions: Three key strategies to tackle emerging issues on food security

期刊论文

Investigation of bubble diameter and flow regime between water and dilute aqueous ethanol solutions in

Baharak SAJJADI, Mostafa Keshavarz MORAVEJI, Reza DAVARNEJAD

期刊论文

DIVERSIFYING AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY: EXPERIENCE FROM STUDIES DEPLOYING NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS

期刊论文

P2P energy trading via public power networks: Practical challenges, emerging solutions, and the way forward

期刊论文

Removing phosphorus from aqueous solutions by using iron-modified corn straw biochar

Fenglin LIU,Jiane ZUO,Tong CHI,Pei WANG,Bo YANG

期刊论文