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Toward sustainable intensification of agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa
Andreas BUERKERT, Eva SCHLECHT
《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年 第7卷 第4期 页码 401-405 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020341
Across the African continent efforts to intensify agriculture have been limited to specific commodities, locations or particular production schemes. The causes for the widespread failure to overcome low land and labor productivity while maintaining ecosystem services have often be analyzed but remain poorly understood. A social-ecological system approach may help to better understand the complex nature of ecological disadvantages, postcolonial structures, limited connect between producers and consumer markets, low off-farm livelihood opportunities, partial underpopulation and lacking experience with the concept of sustainable production as a major impediment for sustainable intensification of the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, recent success stories in agro-pastoral systems as well as urban vegetable and animal production and associated value chains in West Africa, and in intensive mixed-cropping systems of the Great Lakes Region show the potential of stakeholder-driven agricultural intensification. Proper interpretation of these cases may provide lessons for a more widespread eco-intensification of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa.
关键词： colonial heritage land use marketing property rights subsistence agriculture urbanization value chains
中国城市化进程中的可持续城市水环境系统方案 Article
于会彬, 宋永会, 常昕, 高红杰, 彭剑峰
《工程（英文）》 2018年 第4卷 第2期 页码 190-193 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.03.009
城市化是经济发展的潜在因素，经济发展是发展社会的主要途径。随着城市化规模的扩大，城市水环境的质量可能发生恶化，并对城市化的可持续性产生负面影响。因此，必须全面了解城市水环境的功能，包括安全、资源、生态、景观、文化和经济等方面。此外，有必要对城市水环境的理论基础进行深入分析，这一基础与景观生态和低碳经济相关。本文阐述了构建城市水环境系统的主要原则（包括可持续发展、生态优先和区域差异），并提出了城市水环境系统的内容。此系统包括自然水环境、经济水环境和社会水环境。其中，自然水环境是基础，高效的经济水环境是中心，健康的社会水环境是本质。建设城市水环境离不开综合安全体系、完整的科学理论和先进的技术。
Interactive effects of high-speed rail on nodal zones in a city: exploratory study on China
Guo LIU, Kunhui YE
《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年 第6卷 第3期 页码 327-335 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0051-2
关键词： high-speed rail nodal zone interactive effects sustainable urbanization China
What should be done for the “second half” of China’s urbanization?
Chunfei WU, Xiaojiang LI, Pengfei LI
《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年 第5卷 第2期 页码 276-277 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017106
邹德慈,王凯,谭静,马克尼
《中国工程科学》 2019年 第21卷 第2期 页码 1-5 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.02.010
中国学界已经普遍认识到乡村问题能否妥善解决事关中国现代化的成败和社会的长期稳定。在新型城镇化背景下，本文着眼于我国新型城镇化政策的关键 “既要现代化的城市，也要现代化的乡村”，在经济、土地、管理制度、环境、文化等方面，探索满足乡村地区现代化需要的重要手段。通过文献分析、实地调研和系统研究后发现，村镇规划建设与管理，已被国际经验证明是引导农村有序健康发展的重要力量。因此，针对乡村发展滞后和“乡村病”频发的现实，立足于乡村地区差异化、多元化、绿色化的发展趋势，建立一套有序引导乡村现代化发展的规划理论和方法至关重要。其关键在于尊重乡村发展规律、构建城乡一体且城乡有别的制度、完善适应乡村发展建设和保护需要的技术手段。同时也提出村镇规划、建设与管理制度改革的具体建议，包括法规制定、制度创新、乡土设计、平台管理、环境整治和空间建设等方面。
Climate change and its consequences for water and wastewater management
Peter A. WILDERER
《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第1期 页码 1-1 doi: 10.1007/s11783-009-0001-z
关键词： ecosystem management tools self-regulation urbanization water-climate relationship water reuse
钱易,吴志强,江亿,温宗国
《中国工程科学》 2015年 第17卷 第8期 页码 81-87
过去30年我国的快速城镇化进程带来了资源过度消耗、环境污染等各种问题，存在大量不符合生态文明的现象，是不可持续的。城镇化和生态文明两个概念的核心都是人，新型城镇化和生态文明建设在核心和目标上具有一致性。综合考虑资源、环境、经济、人口四大子系统对城镇发展的反馈机制，应将生态文明理念贯穿于城镇化发展的全过程和城镇建设中的经济、政治、文化、社会等各个方面，对城镇生产方式、消费方式、基础设施建设等方面进行生态规划和智能设计，实现环境友好和资源节约的新型城镇化发展模式。
Equipment–process–strategy integration for sustainable machining: a review
《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第18卷 第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-023-0752-4
关键词： sustainable machining equipment process strategy manufacturing
Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities
Chi Zhang, Wenhui Kuang, Jianguo Wu, Jiyuan Liu, Hanqin Tian
《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1321-2
关键词： Industrialization Land-use change Environment risks Environmental security Urbanization China
吴志强,干靓,胥星静,吕荟,姚雪艳,杨秀,刘朝晖
《中国工程科学》 2015年 第17卷 第8期 页码 88-96
随着城镇化的推进、产业和经济的快速发展、能源的大量消耗，我国城镇化正遭遇一系列严重的环境问题。英国、德国、美国三个发达国家先后经历了类似的阶段，各国为应对这些环境问题，在城镇化50 %的时期针对大规模污染提出了多种应对策略。本文基于对上述三国城镇化发展中经历的环境问题与环境治理策略的回顾，以及对现阶段我国生态城镇化转型压力与挑战的分析，提出我国新型城镇化过程中生态文明建设的应对战略措施。
Concept and requirements of sustainable development in bridge engineering
Yaojun GE, Haifan XIANG
《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第4期 页码 432-450 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0126-6
关键词： sustainable engineering safe reliability structural durability functional adaptability capacity extensibility
Andreas BUERKERT, Kotiganahalli Narayanagowda GANESHAIAH, Stefan SIEBERT
《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第8卷 第4期 页码 512-524 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021393
关键词： agroecology historical water use water footprint water governance urbanization
CROP DIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: MECHANISMS, DESIGNS AND APPLICATIONS
《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第8卷 第3期 页码 359-361 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE -2021417
Intensive monoculture agriculture has contributed greatly to global food supply over many decades, but the excessive use of agricultural chemicals (fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides) and intensive cultivation systems has resulted in negative side effects, such as soil erosion, soil degradation, and non-point source pollution[1]. To many observers, agriculture looms as a major global threat to nature conservation and biodiversity. As noted in the Global Biodiversity Outlook 4[2], the drivers associated with food systems and agriculture account for around 70% and 50% of the projected losses by 2050 of terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity, respectively[3].
In addition, agricultural development and modernization of agriculture has led to a decline in the total number of plant species upon which humans depend for food[4]. Currently, fewer than 200 of some 6000 plant species grown for food contribute substantially to global food output, and only nine species account for 67% of total crop production[3]. The global crop diversity has declined in past decades.
Crop species diversity at a national scale was identified as one of the most important factors that stabilize grain production at a national level[5]. A group of long-term field experiments demonstrated that crop diversity also stabilizes temporal grain productivity at field level[6]. Therefore, maintaining crop diversity at both national and field levels is of considerable importance for food security at national and global scales.
Crop diversity includes temporal (crop rotation) and spatial diversity (e.g., intercropping, agroforestry, cultivar mixtures and cover crops) at field scale. Compared to intensive monocultures, diversified cropping systems provide additional options to support multiple ecosystem functions. For instance, crop diversity may increase above- and belowground biodiversity, improve yield stability, reduce pest and disease damage, reduce uses of chemicals, increase the efficiency of the use land, light water and nutrient resources, and enhance stress resilience in agricultural systems.
To highlight advances in research and use of crop diversity, from developing and developed countries, we have prepared this special issue on “Crop Diversity and Sustainable Agriculture” for Frontiers of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, mainly focusing on intercropping.
Intercropping, growing at least two crops at the same time as a mixture, for example, in alternate rows or strips, is one effective pathway for increasing crop diversity at the field scale. Over recent decades, there have been substantial advances in terms of understanding of processes between intercropped species and applications in practice. There are 10 articles in this special issue including letters, opinions, review and research articles with contributions from Belgium, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerlands, UK, and Mexico etc.
The contributors are internationally-active scientists and agronomists contributing to intercropping research and extension. For example, Antoine Messean is coordinator of the EU H2020 Research project DiverIMPACTS “Diversification through rotation, intercropping, multiple cropping, promoted with actors and value chains towards sustainability”. Eric Justes is coordinator of the EU H2020 Research project ReMIX “Redesigning European cropping systems based on species mixtures”. Maria Finckh has worked on crop cultivar mixture and organic agriculture over many years. Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen has outstanding expertise in intercropping research and applications, moving from detailed studies on species interactions in intercropping to working with farmers and other stakeholders to make intercropping work in practical farming. In addition to these established scientists, young scientists who have taken an interest in intercropping also contribute to the special issue, including Wen-Feng Cong, Yixiang Liu, Qi Wang, Hao Yang and others.
The first contribution to this special issue addresses how to design cropping systems to reach crop diversification, with Wen-Feng Cong and coworkers ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021392) considering that it is necessary to optimize existing and/or design novel cropping systems based on farming practices and ecological principles, and to strengthen targeted ecosystem services to achieve identified objectives. In addition, the design should consider regional characteristics with the concurrent objectives of safe, nutritious food production and environmental protection.
The benefits of crop diversification have been demonstrated in many studies. Wen-Feng Cong and coworkers describe the benefits of crop diversification at three scales: field, farm, and landscape. Hao Yang and coauthors reviewed the multiple functions of intercropping. Intercropping enhances crop productivity and its stability, it promotes efficient use of resources and saves mineral fertilizer, controls pests and diseases of crops and reduces the use of pesticides. It mitigates climate change by sequestering carbon in soil, reduces non-point source pollution, and increases above- and belowground biodiversity of other taxa at field scale ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021398).
Eric Justes and coworkers proposed the “4C” framework to help understand the role of species interactions in intercropping ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021414). The four components are competition, complementary, cooperation (facilitation) and compensation, which work often simultaneously in intercropping. Hao Yang and coworkers used the concept of diversity effect from ecology to understand the contribution of complementarity and selection effects to enhanced productivity in intercropping. The complementarity effect consists of interspecific facilitation and niche differentiation between crop species, whereas the selection effect is mainly derived from competitive processes between species such that one species dominates the other ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021398). Also, Luis Garcia-Barrios and Yanus A. Dechnik-Vazquez dissected the ecological concept of the complementarity and selection effects to develop a relative multicrop resistance index to analyze the relation between higher multicrop yield and land use efficiency and the different ecological causes of overyielding under two contrasting water stress regimes ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021412).
Odette Denise Weedon and Maria Renate Finckh found that composite cross populations, with different disease susceptibilities of three winter wheat cultivars, were moderately resistant to brown rust and even to the newly emerged stripe rust races prevalent in Europe since 2011, but performance varied between standard and organic management contexts ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021394).
Comparing the performance of intercrops and sole crops is critical to make a sound evaluation of the benefits of intercropping and assess interactions between species choice, intercrop design, intercrop management and factors related to the production situation and pedoclimatic context. Wopke van der Werf and coworkers review some of the metrics that could be used in the quantitative synthesis of literature data on intercropping ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021413).
Interspecific interactions provide some of the advantages of intercropping, and can be divided into above- and belowground interactions. Aboveground interactions can include light and space competition, which is influenced by crop species traits. Root exudates are also important in interspecific interactions between intercropped or rotated species. Qi Wang and coworkers estimated the light interception of growth stage of maize-peanut intercropping and corresponding monocultures, and found that intercropping has higher light interception than monoculture, and increasing plant density did not further increase light interception of intercropping ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021403). Yuxin Yang and coworkers reported that the root exudates of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) can reduce infection of tobacco by Phytophthora nicotianae via inhibiting the motility and germination of the spores of the pathogen ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021399).
Focusing on the application of intercropping, Wen-Feng Cong and coworkers formulated species recommendations for different regions of China for different crop diversity patterns and crop species combinations. These authors also suggested three steps for implementing crop diversification on the North China Plain. Although there are multiple benefits of crop diversification, its extension and application are hindered by various technical, organizational, and institutional barriers along value chains, especially in Europe. Based on the findings of the European Crop Diversification Cluster projects, Antoine Messéan and coworkers suggested that there needs to be more coordination and cooperation between agrifood system stakeholders, and establish multiactor networks, toward an agroecological transition of European agriculture ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021406). In addition, Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen and coworkers report the outcomes of a workshop for participatory research to overcome the barriers to enhanced coordination and networking between stakeholders ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021416).
Intercropping, though highly effective in labor-intensive agriculture, may be difficult to implement in machine-intensive, large-scale modern agriculture because appropriate large equipment is not commercially available for planting and harvesting various crop mixtures grown with strip intercropping[6]. Thus, the appropriate machinery will need to be developed for further practical application in large-scale agriculture.
As the guest editors, we thank all the authors and reviewers for their great contributions to this special issue on “Crop Diversity and Sustainable Agriculture”. We also thank the FASE editorial team for their kind supports.
标题 作者 时间 类型 操作
Toward sustainable intensification of agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa
Andreas BUERKERT, Eva SCHLECHT
期刊论文
Interactive effects of high-speed rail on nodal zones in a city: exploratory study on China
Guo LIU, Kunhui YE
期刊论文
What should be done for the “second half” of China’s urbanization?
Chunfei WU, Xiaojiang LI, Pengfei LI
期刊论文
Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities
Chi Zhang, Wenhui Kuang, Jianguo Wu, Jiyuan Liu, Hanqin Tian
期刊论文
Concept and requirements of sustainable development in bridge engineering
Yaojun GE, Haifan XIANG
期刊论文
WATER USE IN HUMAN CIVILIZATIONS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF A PERPETUAL SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL CHALLENGE
Andreas BUERKERT, Kotiganahalli Narayanagowda GANESHAIAH, Stefan SIEBERT
期刊论文
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