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The effect of conservation tillage on crop yield in China

Hongwen LI,Jin HE,Huanwen GAO,Ying CHEN,Zhiqiang ZHANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第2期页码 179-185 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2015058

摘要： Traditional agricultural practices have resulted in decreased soil fertility, shortage of water resources and deterioration of agricultural ecological environment, which are seriously affecting grain production. Conservation tillage (CT) research has been developed and applied in China since the 1960s and 1970s, and a series of development policies have been issued by the Chinese government. Recent research and application have shown that CT has positive effects on crop yields in China. According to the data from the Conservation Tillage Research Center (CTRC), Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), the mean crop yield increase can be at least 4% in double cropping systems in the North China Plain and 6% in single cropping systems in the dryland areas of North-east and North-west China. Crop yield increase was particularly significant in dryland areas and drought years. The mechanism for the yield increase in CT system can be attributed to enhanced soil water content and improved soil properties. Development strategies have been implemented to accelerate the adoption of CT in China.

关键词： conservation tillage crop yield soil structure development strategies

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一种兼有增产和环保作用的耕作制度

陈国平

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第1期页码 87-89

摘要：

在干旱、半干旱地区实行免耕覆盖播种耕作制度，可减少蒸发，最大限度地保蓄上一年夏秋降雨，保证全苗，增加产量。同时，由于地面坚实，在秸杆保护，可减少沙尘暴天气；而在夏季，可增加水分的渗入，减缓地面径流，防止土壤冲刷造成河流泥沙淤积，是一项一举三得的重要措施。

关键词：秸杆覆盖沙尘暴土壤冲刷增加产量

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Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Giulia BONGIORNO

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第3期页码 257-274 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020323

摘要：

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a - bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp . Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.

关键词： labile carbon long-term field experiments organic matter addition soil biological indicators tillage

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航天医学工程理论与实践

陈善广

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第9期页码 30-34

摘要：

航天医学工程是伴随着我国近40年载人航天的发展，孕育催生的一门新兴学科，具有特色鲜明的学科理论体系和实践技术方法。概述了航天医学工程的体系构成、研究内容和学科特点。

关键词：航天医学工程载人航天系统工程

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轻型高防堵性能免耕播种机研究

高焕文,李洪文,姚宗路

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第9期页码 35-39

摘要：

以主动防堵的思路，提高国产免播机质量与尺寸受限情况下的防堵性能。先后研制出带状旋耕、条带粉碎和驱动圆盘3种主动防堵的轻型免播机，防堵能力强，能胜任高产玉米地免耕播种小麦，质量316~500 kg/m，与国产拖拉机匹配，价格为国外免播机1/8左右。田间对比试验表明，轻型主动防堵免播机动土量和动力消耗比国外免播机大一些，但在小麦出苗、长势和产量上优于国外机器。2006年推广近 2万台，玉米地免耕播种小麦约 40×104 hm2。

关键词：主动防堵免耕播种机轻型机具保护性耕作直接播种小麦