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Standard model of knowledge representation

Wensheng YIN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第3期页码 275-288 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0372-3

摘要：

Knowledge representation is the core of artificial intelligence research. Knowledge representation methods include predicate logic, semantic network, computer programming language, database, mathematical model, graphics language, natural language, etc. To establish the intrinsic link between various knowledge representation methods, a unified knowledge representation model is necessary. According to ontology, system theory, and control theory, a standard model of knowledge representation that reflects the change of the objective world is proposed. The model is composed of input, processing, and output. This knowledge representation method is not a contradiction to the traditional knowledge representation method. It can express knowledge in terms of multivariate and multidimensional. It can also express process knowledge, and at the same time, it has a strong ability to solve problems. In addition, the standard model of knowledge representation provides a way to solve problems of non-precision and inconsistent knowledge.

关键词： knowledge representation standard model ontology system theory control theory multidimensional representation

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受限空间火灾模型研究进展

郑昕,袁宏永

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第3期页码 68-74

摘要：

火灾模型是从工程科学的角度出发，分析研究火灾的发生、发展，烟气蔓延以及火灾对周围环境诸如建筑设备、森林植被及大气环境等影响的数学模型。介绍了广泛应用于建筑物内部受限空间的场、区域、网模型以及经验模型的理论思想与数学方程，分析了4种模型在相应环境下应用的合理性，并对火灾模型的发展做出了展望。

关键词：受限空间场模型区域模型网模型场区网模型经验模型

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Impact of crude distillation unit model accuracy on refinery production planning

Gang FU, Pedro A. Castillo CASTILLO, Vladimir MAHALEC

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第2期页码 195-201 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017052

摘要： In this work, we examine the impact of crude distillation unit (CDU) model errors on the results of refinery-wide optimization for production planning or feedstock selection. We compare the swing cut+ bias CDU model with a recently developed hybrid CDU model (Fu et al., 2016). The hybrid CDU model computes material and energy balances, as well as product true boiling point (TBP) curves and bulk properties (e.g., sulfur % and cetane index, and other properties). Product TBP curves are predicted with an average error of 0.5% against rigorous simulation curves. Case studies of optimal operation computed using a planning model that is based on the swing cut+ bias CDU model and using a planning model that incorporates the hybrid CDU model are presented. Our results show that significant economic benefits can be obtained using accurate CDU models in refinery production planning.

关键词： impact of model accuracy on production planning swing cut+ bias CDU model hybrid CDU model refinery feedstock selection optimization optimization of refinery operation

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Test-driven verification/validation of model transformations

László LENGYEL,Hassan CHARAF

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第16卷第2期页码 85-97 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1400111

摘要： Why is it important to verify/validate model transformations? The motivation is to improve the quality of the transformations, and therefore the quality of the generated software artifacts. Verified/validated model transformations make it possible to ensure certain properties of the generated software artifacts. In this way, verification/validation methods can guarantee different requirements stated by the actual domain against the generated/modified/optimized software products. For example, a verified/validated model transformation can ensure the preservation of certain properties during the model-to-model transformation. This paper emphasizes the necessity of methods that make model transformation verified/validated, discusses the different scenarios of model transformation verification and validation, and introduces the principles of a novel test-driven method for verifying/validating model transformations. We provide a solution that makes it possible to automatically generate test input models for model transformations. Furthermore, we collect and discuss the actual open issues in the field of verification/validation of model transformations.

关键词： Graph rewriting based model transformations Verification/validation Test-driven verification

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Estimation of composite load model with aggregate induction motor dynamic load for an isolated hybrid

Nitin Kumar SAXENA,Ashwani Kumar SHARMA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第4期页码 472-485 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0373-7

摘要： It is well recognized that the voltage stability of a power system is affected by the load model and hence, to effectively analyze the reactive power compensation of an isolated hybrid wind-diesel based power system, the loads need to be considered along with the generators in a transient analysis. This paper gives a detailed mathematical modeling to compute the reactive power response with small voltage perturbation for composite load. The composite load is a combination of the static and dynamic load model. To develop this composite load model, the exponential load is used as a static load model and induction motors (IMs) are used as a dynamic load model. To analyze the dynamics of IM load, the fifth, third and first order model of IM are formulated and compared using differential equations solver in Matlab coding. Since the decentralized areas have many small consumers which may consist large numbers of IMs of small rating, it is not realistic to model either a single large rating unit or all small rating IMs together that are placed in the system. In place of using a single large rating IM, a group of motors are considered and then the aggregate model of IM is developed using the law of energy conservation. This aggregate model is used as a dynamic load model. For different simulation studies, especially in the area of voltage stability with reactive power compensation of an isolated hybrid power system, the transfer function of the composite load is required. The transfer function of the composite load is derived in this paper by successive derivation for the exponential model of static load and for the fifth and third order IM dynamic load model using state space model.

关键词： isolated hybrid power system (IHPS) composite load model static load dynamic load induction motor load model aggregate load

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Four-protein model for predicting prognostic risk of lung cancer

《医学前沿（英文）》页码 618-626 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0867-0

摘要： Patients with lung cancer at the same stage may have markedly different overall outcome and a lack of specific biomarker to predict lung cancer outcome. Heat-shock protein 90 β (HSP90β) is overexpressed in various tumor cells. In this study, the ELISA results of HSP90β combined with CEA, CA125, and CYFRA21-1 were used to construct a recursive partitioning decision tree model to establish a four-protein diagnostic model and predict the survival of patients with lung cancer. Survival analysis showed that the recursive partitioning decision tree could distinguish the prognosis between high- and low-risk groups. Results suggested that the joint detection of HSP90β, CEA, CA125, and CYFRA21-1 in the peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer is plausible for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of lung cancer.

关键词： lung cancer HSP90β decision tree model prognosis

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Development of deep neural network model to predict the compressive strength of FRCM confined columns

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》页码 1213-1232 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0880-7

摘要： The present study describes a reliability analysis of the strength model for predicting concrete columns confinement influence with Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM). through both physical models and Deep Neural Network model (artificial neural network (ANN) with double and triple hidden layers). The database of 330 samples collected for the training model contains many important parameters, i.e., section type (circle or square), corner radius r_c, unconfined concrete strength f_co, thickness n_t, the elastic modulus of fiber E_f, the elastic modulus of mortar E_m. The results revealed that the proposed ANN models well predicted the compressive strength of FRCM with high prediction accuracy. The ANN model with double hidden layers (APDL-1) was shown to be the best to predict the compressive strength of FRCM confined columns compared with the ACI design code and five physical models. Furthermore, the results also reveal that the unconfined compressive strength of concrete, type of fiber mesh for FRCM, type of section, and the corner radius ratio, are the most significant input variables in the efficiency of FRCM confinement prediction. The performance of the proposed ANN models (including double and triple hidden layers) had high precision with R higher than 0.93 and RMSE smaller than 0.13, as compared with other models from the literature available.

关键词： FRCM deep neural networks confinement effect strength model confined concrete

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Initiation of Setaria as a model plant

Xianmin DIAO,James SCHNABLE,Jeffrey L. BENNETZEN,Jiayang LI

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第1期页码 16-20 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014011

摘要： Model organisms such as Arabidopsis ( ) and rice ( ) have proven essential for efficient scientific discovery and development of new methods. With the diversity of plant lineages, some important processes such as C photosynthesis are not found in either Arabidopsis or rice, so new model species are needed. Due to their small diploid genomes, short life cycles, self-pollination, small adult statures and prolific seed production, domesticated foxtail millet ( ) and its wild ancestor, green foxtail ( ), have recently been proposed as novel model species for functional genomics of the Panicoideae, especially for study of C photosynthesis. This review outlines the development of these species as model organisms, and discusses current challenges and future potential of a Setaria model.

关键词： Setaria foxtail millet C₄ photosynthesis model organism

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The Construction of Tetrahedral Model of Engineering Ethical Evaluation

Jin Wang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第1期页码 62-70 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014009

摘要： To achieve greatprojects, great attention should be attached to ethical issues of engineering. But endless immoralities in the field of engineering expose the lack of attention and the ineffectiveness of implementation of engineering ethical evaluation. The “Mirror” and the "Lamp" — these two metaphors used by M. H. Abrams vividly expose the differences in people's way of understanding which inspires author's study of the model of engineering ethical evaluation. With four elements of the project —artifact, engineer, user and environment, a tetrahedral model of integrity, strong restoring force and high stability is built. While their roles and responsibilities differ, each has to demonstrate a commitment to professional and ethical standards. In this model, four "Lamps" — i. e, four elements of engineering — in four corners provide light while four "Mirrors" — the result of reflection of four elements — reflect whether the tetrahedral model can truthfully evaluate the level of engineering ethics. The combination of the "Lamps" and "Mirrors" illuminates engineering ethical evaluation and leads to a plurality of evaluation standards, while simultaneously fostering both the avoidance of simple de-instrumentalization and the sustainability of ethical evaluation. Plurality of evaluation standards means the consideration of value differences in a multi-value state. The avoidance of de-instrumentalization means to prevent the engineer's expertise from fossilization. The sustainability of ethical evaluation accelerates the fulfillment of our dream, for the ultimate benefit of humankind. Ethical evaluation of the project not only helps more engineers to use expertise in pursuit of the public good, but also make more projects to meet people's short-term expectations and long-term cares.

关键词： tetrahedral model ethical evaluation engineering Lamps and Mirrors

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Predicting the capacity of perfobond rib shear connector using an ANN model and GSA method

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》页码 1233-1248 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0878-1

摘要： Due to recent advances in the field of artificial neural networks (ANN) and the global sensitivity analysis (GSA) method, the application of these techniques in structural analysis has become feasible. A connector is an important part of a composite beam, and its shear strength can have a significant impact on structural design. In this paper, the shear performance of perfobond rib shear connectors (PRSCs) is predicted based on the back propagation (BP) ANN model, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method and GSA method. A database was created using push-out test test and related references, where the input variables were based on different empirical formulas and the output variables were the corresponding shear strengths. The results predicted by the ANN models and empirical equations were compared, and the factors affecting shear strength were examined by the GSA method. The results show that the use of ANN model optimization by GA method has fewer errors compared to the empirical equations. Furthermore, penetrating reinforcement has the greatest sensitivity to shear performance, while the bonding force between steel plate and concrete has the least sensitivity to shear strength.

关键词： perfobond rib shear connector shear strength ANN model global sensitivity analysis

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Extended model predictive control scheme for smooth path following of autonomous vehicles

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第17卷第1期页码 4-4 doi: 10.1007/s11465-021-0660-4

摘要： This paper presents an extended model predictive control (MPC) scheme for implementing optimal path following of autonomous vehicles, which has multiple constraints and an integrated model of vehicle and road dynamics. Road curvature and inclination factors are used in the construction of the vehicle dynamic model to describe its lateral and roll dynamics accurately. Sideslip, rollover, and vehicle envelopes are used as multiple constraints in the MPC controller formulation. Then, an extended MPC method solved by differential evolution optimization algorithm is proposed to realize optimal smooth path following based on driving path features. Finally, simulation and real experiments are carried out to evaluate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the extended MPC scheme. Results indicate that the proposed method can obtain the smooth transition to follow the optimal drivable path and satisfy the lateral dynamic stability and environmental constraints, which can improve the path following quality for better ride comfort and road availability of autonomous vehicles.

关键词： autonomous vehicles vehicle dynamic modeling model predictive control path following optimization algorithm

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河网水动力及综合水质模型的研究

张明亮,沈永明

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第10期页码 78-83

摘要：

采用Preissmann 4点隐式差分格式离散一维圣维南方程组，应用三级联解法求解河网水动力数学模型。基于河道-节点-河道算法的河网水质模型的求解特点，在WASP的水质模型理论基础上，建立了河网非稳态水动力综合生态水质数学模型，考虑了多个污染物变量的耦合计算、变量之间的相互转化和迁移。利用模型对4个河网算例进行验证。验证表明，水位和流量过程计算值与实测值吻合很好，各水质变量的计算值和实测值也符合较好，可见模型是合理可靠的，为河网的水质预测和管理提供了一个较为简便实用的工具。

关键词： Preissmann格式河网水动力模型综合水质模型 WASP模型

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Methodologies for the establishment of an orthotopic transplantation model of ovarian cancer in mice

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第1期页码 101-105 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0315-5

摘要：

This study used different methods to establish an animal model of orthotopic transplantation for ovarian cancer to provide an accurate simulation of the mechanism by which tumor occurs and develops in the human body. We implanted 4T1 breast cancer cells stably-transfected with luciferase into BALB/c mice by using three types of orthotopic transplantation methodologies: (1) cultured cells were directly injected into the mouse ovary; (2) cell suspension was initially implanted under the skin of the mouse neck; after tumor mass formed, the tumor was removed and ground into cell suspension, which was then injected into the mouse ovary; and (3) a subcutaneous tumor mass was first generated, removed, and cut into small pieces, which were directly implanted into the mouse ovary. After these models were established, in vivo luminescence imaging was performed. Results and data were compared among groups. Orthotopic transplantation model established with subcutaneous tumor piece implantation showed a better simulation of tumor development and invasion in mice. This model also displayed negligible response to artificial factors. This study successfully established an orthotopic transplantation model of ovarian cancer with high rates of tumor formation and metastasis by using subcutaneous tumor pieces. This study also provided a methodological basis for future establishment of an animal model of ovarian cancer in humans.

关键词： ovarian cancer orthotopic transplantation animal model

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Probabilistic model for vessel-bridge collisions in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Bo GENG , Hong WANG , Junjie WANG ,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第3期页码 279-285 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0044-z

摘要： Based on a field observation on vessel transit path of three bridges over the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir, and an analysis of the geometric probabilistic model of transiting vessels in collision probability calculation, the aberrancy angle and vessel velocity probabilistic model related with impact force, a probabilistic model is established and also verified by goodness-of-fit test. The vessel transit path distribution can be expressed by the normal distribution model. For the Three Gorges Reservoir, the mean and standard deviation adopt 0.2 and 0.1, respectively ( is the channel width). The aberrancy angle distribution of vessels accepts maximum I distribution model, and its distribution parameters can be taken as 0.314 and 4.354. The velocity distribution of up-bound and down-bound vessels can also be expressed by the normal distribution model.

关键词： vessel-bridge collision probabilistic model parameter statistics

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Developing a new model for simultaneous scheduling of two grand projects based on game theory and solvingthe model with Benders decomposition

Loghman PIRI, Vahidreza GHEZAVATI, Ashkan HAFEZALKOTOB

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第1期页码 117-134 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0115-3

摘要： Grand infrastructure projects, such as dam, power plant, petroleum, and gas industry projects, have several contractors working on them in several independent sub-projects. The concern of reducing the duration of these projects is one of the important issues among various aspects; thus, our aim is to fulfill the requirements by using the game theory approach. In this study, a mixed-integer programming model consisting of game theory and project scheduling is developed to reduce the duration of projects with a minimum increase in costs. In this model, two contractors in successive periods are entered into a step-by-step competition by the employer during dynamic games, considering an exchange in their limited resources. The optimum solution of the game in each stage are selected as the strategy, and the resources during the game are considered to be renewable and limited. The strategy of each contractor can be described as follows: 1) share their resources with the other contractor and 2) not share the resources with the other contractor. This model can act dynamically in all circumstances during project implementation. If a player chooses a non-optimum strategy, then this strategy can immediately update itself at the succeeding time period. The proposed model is solved using the exact Benders decomposition method, which is coded in GAMS software. The results suggest the implementation of four step-by-step games between the contractors. Then, the results of our model are compared with those of the conventional models. The projects’ duration in our model is reduced by 22.2%. The nominal revenue of both contractors has also reached a significant value of 46078 units compared with the relative value of zero units in the original model. Moreover, we observed in both projects the decreases of 19.5%, 20.9%, and 19.7% in the total stagnation of resources of types 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

关键词： project scheduling resource leveling between projects constrained resources game theory Benders decomposition