2016, Volume 2, Issue 4
Engineering >> 2016, Volume 2, Issue 4 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.008
Water, Air Emissions, and Cost Impacts of Air-Cooled Microturbines for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems: A Case Study in the Atlanta Region
a Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
b School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
c H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
d School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
e Crittenden and Associates, Beijing 100102, China
Next Previous
Abstract
The increasing pace of urbanization means that cities and global organizations are looking for ways to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions. Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems have the potential to improve the energy generation efficiency of a city or urban region by providing energy for heating, cooling, and electricity simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to estimate the water consumption for energy generation use, carbon dioxide (CO2) and NOx emissions, and economic impact of implementing CCHP systems for five generic building types within the Atlanta metropolitan region, under various operational scenarios following the building thermal (heating and cooling) demands. Operating the CCHP system to follow the hourly thermal demand reduces CO2 emissions for most building types both with and without net metering. The system can be economically beneficial for all building types depending on the price of natural gas, the implementation of net metering, and the cost structure assumed for the CCHP system. The greatest reduction in water consumption for energy production and NOx emissions occurs when there is net metering and when the system is operated to meet the maximum yearly thermal demand, although this scenario also results in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and, in some cases, cost. CCHP systems are more economical for medium office, large office, and multifamily residential buildings.
Keywords
Combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) ; Air-cooled microturbines ; Distributed energy generation ; Water for energy production ; Net metering
SupplementaryMaterials
Figures
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
References
[ 1 ] United Nations Environment Programme. District energy in cities: unlocking the full potential of energy efficiency and renewable energy. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme; 2014.
[ 2 ] United Nations Environment Programme. Global initiative for resource efficient cities. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme; 2012.
[ 3 ] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision, highlights. New York: United Nations; 2014.
[ 4 ] Darrow K, Tidball R, Wang J, Hampson A. Catalog of CHP technologies. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Combined Heat and Power Partnership, US Department of Energy; 2015.
[ 5 ] Deng J, Wang RZ, Han GY. A review of thermally activated cooling technologies for combined cooling, heating and power systems. Prog Energ Combust 2011;37(2):172–203 link1
[ 6 ] Betz F. Combined cooling, heating, power, and ventilation (CCHP/V) systems integration [dissertation]. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University; 2009.
[ 7 ] Morrison J, Morikawa M, Murphy M, Schulte P. Water Scarcity & climate change. Growing risks for business and investors. Oakland: Pacific Institute; 2009.
[ 8 ] Cidell J. Concentration and decentralization: the new geography of freight distribution in US metropolitan areas. J Transp Geogr 2010;18(3):363–71 link1
[ 9 ] Kenny JF, Barber NL, Hutson SS, Linsey KS, Lovelace JK, Maupin MA. Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005: US Geological Survey Circular 1344. Reston: US Geological Survey; 2009.
[10] QuickFacts Georgia 2010 census [Internet]. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau. [cited 2015 Jan]. Available from: http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/.
[11] Wilson B, Chakraborty A. The environmental impacts of sprawl: emergent themes from the past decade of planning research. Sustainability 2013;5(8):3302–27 link1
[12] Mancarella P, Chicco G. Assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions from cogeneration and trigeneration systems. Part II: analysis techniques and application cases. Energy 2008;33(3):418–30 link1
[13] Shipley A, Hampson A, Hedman B, Garland P, Bautista P. Combined heat and power: effective energy solutions for a sustainable future. Oak Ridge: Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 2008 Dec. Report No.: ORNL/TM-2008/224. Contract No.: DE-AC05-00OR227. Sponsored by the US Department of Energy.
[14] Li H, Fu L, Geng K, Jiang Y. Energy utilization evaluation of CCHP systems. Energ Buildings 2006;38(3):253–7 link1
[15] Chicco G, Mancarella P. From cogeneration to trigeneration: profitable alternatives in a competitive market. IEEE Trans Energy Conver 2006;21(1):265–72 link1
[16] Sun ZG, Wang RZ, Sun WZ. Energetic efficiency of a gas-engine-driven cooling and heating system. Appl Therm Eng 2004;24(5–6):941–7 link1
[17] Moran A, Mago PJ, Chamra LM. Thermoeconomic modeling of micro-CHP (micro-cooling, heating, and power) for small commercial applications. Int J Energ Res 2008;32(9):808–23 link1
[18] Mago PJ, Fumo N, Chamra LM. Methodology to perform a non-conventional evaluation of cooling, heating, and power systems. P I Mech Eng A-J Pow 2007;221(8):1075–87 link1
[19] Chicco G, Mancarella P. Assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions from cogeneration and trigeneration systems. Part I: models and indicators. Energy 2008;33(3):410–7 link1
[20] Chicco G, Mancarella P. Distributed multi-generation: a comprehensive view. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2009;13(3):535–51 link1
[21] Farret FA, Simões MG. Integration of alternative sources of energy. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2006.
[22] Mago PJ, Chamra LM. Analysis and optimization of CCHP systems based on energy, economical, and environmental considerations. Energ Buildings 2009;41(10):1099–106 link1
[23] Smith AD, Mago PJ, Fumo N. Benefits of thermal energy storage option combined with CHP system for different commercial building types. Sust Energ Technol Assess 2013;1:3–12 link1
[24] Han G, You S, Ye T, Sun P, Zhang H. Analysis of combined cooling, heating, and power systems under a compromised electric-thermal load strategy. Energ Buildings 2014;84:586–94 link1
[25] Knizley AA, Mago PJ, Smith AD. Evaluation of the performance of combined cooling, heating, and power systems with dual power generation units. Energ Policy 2014;66:654–65 link1
[26] Cho H, Mago PJ, Luck R, Chamra LM. Evaluation of CCHP systems performance based on operational cost, primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emission by utilizing an optimal operation scheme. Appl Energ 2009;86(12):2540–9 link1
[27] Ehyaei MA, Mozafari A. Energy, economic and environmental (3E) analysis of a micro gas turbine employed for on-site combined heat and power production. Energ Buildings 2010;42(2):259–64 link1
[28] Mago P, Fumo N, Chamra L. Performance analysis of CCHP and CHP systems operating following the thermal and electric load. Int J Energ Res 2009;33(9):852–864 link1
[29] Capstone Turbine Corporation. Product catalog [Interent]. 2010[cited 2014 Jan]. Available from: http://www.e-finity.com/downloads/Product-Catalog.pdf.
[30] Openei.org [Internet]. Washington, DC: US Department of Energy; [cited 2014 Jan]. Available from: http://en.openei.org/.
[31] RSMeans Engineering Department. RSMeans Mechanical Cost Data 2014. 37th ed. Rockland: RSMeans; 2014.
[32] Torcellini P, Deru M, Griffith B, Benne K, Halverson M, Winiarski D, . DOE commercial building benchmark models. In: Proceedings of 2008 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings; 2008 Aug 17–22; Pacific Grove, CA, USA; 2008. p. 4-305–16.
[33] Wilcox S, Marion W. Users manual for TMY3 data sets. Golden: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2008 May. Report No.: NREL/TP-581-43156. Contract No.: DE-AC36-99-GO10337. Sponsored by the US Department of Energy.
[34] General description [Internet]. Toledo: MultiChill Technologies, Inc.; c2015 [cited 2016 Feb]. Available from: http://multichilltech.com/absorption-chiller-waste-heat-gas-fired/.
[35] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings, ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004. Atlanta: ASHRAE, Inc.; 2004.
[36] Deru M, Field K, Studer D, Benne K, Griffith B, Torcellini P, . US Department of Energy commercial reference building models of the national building stock. Golden: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2011 Feb. Report No.: NREL/TP-5500-46861. Contract No.: DE-AC36-08GO28308. Sponsored by the US Department of Energy.
[37] Hendron R, Engebrecht C. Building America house simulation protocols. Golden: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2010 Oct. Report No.: NREL/TP-550-49246.
[38] Kawasaki Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd. Waste heat energy application for absorption chillers [presentation]. In: 3rd International District Cooling Conference & Trade Show; 2008 Oct19–21; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 2008.
[39] Wiser JR, Schettler JW, Willis JL. Evaluation of combined heat and power technologies for wastewater facilities [Interent]. Atlanta: Brown and Caldwell; 2010. Available from: https://www.cwwga.org/documentlibrary/121_EvaluationCHPTechnologiespreliminary%5B1%5D.pdf.
[40] US Environmental Protection Agency. AP-42: compilation of air pollutant emission factors, volume 1: stationary point and area sources. 5th ed. Research Triangle Park: US Environmental Protection Agency; 1995.
[41] City of Atlanta Mayor’s Office of Sustainability. City of Atlanta greenhouse gas emissions inventory 2013. Atlanta: Mayor’s Office of Sustainability; 2014.
[42] US Energy Information Administration. Natural gas prices. Washington, DC: US Energy Information Administration; 2014.
[43] Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Water and sustainability (volume 4): US electricity consumption for water supply and treatment—the next half century. Palo Alto: EPRI; 2002.
[44] Seebregts AJ. Gas-fired power, Energy Technology System Analysis Programme (IEA-ETSAP), Agency Energy Technology Network, IEA ETSAP-Technology Brief E. 2010 Apr.
[45] Cooperman A, Dieckmann J, Brodrick J. Water/electricity trade-offs in evaporative cooling, part 2: power plant water use. ASHRAE J2012 Jan:65–8.
[46] Choi DG, Thomas VM. An electricity generation planning model incorporating demand response. Energ Policy 2012;42:429–41 link1
[47] US Environmental Protection Agency. Creating an energy efficiency and renewable energy set aside in the Nox budget trading program evaluation, measurement, and verification of electricity savings for determining emissions reductions from energy efficiency and renewable energy actions. US: BiblioGov; 2007. Report No.: EPA-430-B-07-001.
[48] Macknick J, Newmark R, Heath G, Hallett KC. Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature. Environ Res Lett 2012;7(4):045802 link1
[49] US Energy Information Administration. State electricity profiles: Georgia electricity profile 2012. Washington, DC: US Energy Information Administration; 2012.
[50] Georgia Power Company. Georgia Power Company: 2013 yearly report. Atlanta: Georgia Power Company; 2014.
[51] Wu DW, Wang RZ. Combined cooling, heating and power: a review. Prog Energ Combust 2006;32(5–6):459–95 link1
[52] Capehart BL. Microturbines [Internet]. Washington, DC: National Institute of Building Sciences; c2016 [updated 2014 Apr 11; cited date: 2014 Jauary]. Available from: https://www. wbdg. org/resources/microturbines.php.
[53] Sheikhi A, Ranjbar AM, Oraee H. Financial analysis and optimal size and operation for a multicarrier energy system. Energy Buildings 2012;48:71–8 link1
[54] Brown MA, Zhou S. Smart-grid policies: an international review. WIRES Energ Environ 2013;2(2):121–39 link1
京公网安备 11010502051620号
