[ 1 ] Kianian B. Wohlers report 2017—3D printing and additive manufacturing state of the industry—Annual worldwide progress report. Fort Collins: Wohlers Associates, Inc.; 2017.

[ 2 ] Wu J, Li Y, Zhang Y. Use of intraoral scanning and 3-dimensional printing in the fabrication of a removable partial denture for a patient with limited mouth opening. J Am Dent Assoc 2017;148(5):338–41 link1

[ 3 ] Banks J. Adding value in additive manufacturing: Researchers in the United Kingdom and Europe look to 3D printing for customization. IEEE Pulse 2013;4(6):22–6 link1

[ 4 ] Klein GT, Lu Y, Wang MY. 3D printing and neurosurgery—Ready for prime time? World Neurosurg 2013;80(3–4):233–5 link1

[ 5 ] Gross BC, Erkal JL, Lockwood SY, Chen C, Spence DM. Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences. Anal Chem 2014;86(7):3240–53 link1

[ 6 ] National Institutes of Health. NIH 3D print exchange [Internet]. [cited 2014 Jul 9]. Available from: http://3dprint.nih.gov.

[ 7 ] Zopf DA, Hollister SJ, Nelson ME, Ohye RG, Green GE. Bioresorbable airway splint created with a three-dimensional printer. N Engl J Med 2013;368(21):2043–5 link1

[ 8 ] Peltola SM, Melchels FP, Grijpma DW, Kellom?ki M. A review of rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering purposes. Ann Med 2008;40(4):268–80 link1

[ 9 ] Mironov V, Boland T, Trusk T, Forgacs G, Markwald RR. Organ printing: Computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2003;21(4):157–61 link1

[10] Murphy SV, Atala A. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol 2014;32(8):773–85 link1

[11] Kido T, Kurata A, Higashino H, Sugawara Y, Okayama H, Higaki J, et al.Cardiac imaging using 256-detector row four-dimensional CT: Preliminary clinical report. Radiat Med 2007;25(1):38–44 link1

[12] Meaney JF, Goyen M. Recent advances in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. Eur Radiol 2007;17(Suppl 2):B2–6.

[13] Rengier F, Mehndiratta A, von Tengg-Kobligk H, Zechmann CM, Unterhinninghofen R, Kauczor HU, et al.3D printing based on imaging data: Review of medical applications. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2010;5(4):335–41 link1

[14] Mitsouras D, Liacouras P, Imanzadeh A, Giannopoulos AA, Cai T, Kumamaru KK, et al.Medical 3D printing for the radiologist. Radiographics 2015;35(7):1965–88 link1

[15] Doi K. Diagnostic imaging over the last 50 years: Research and development in medical imaging science and technology. Phys Med Biol 2006;51(13):R5–27 link1

[16] Kirchgeorg MA, Prokop M. Increasing spiral CT benefits with postprocessing applications. Eur J Radiol 1998;28(1):39–54 link1

[17] Mahesh M. Search for isotropic resolution in CT from conventional through multiple-row detector. Radiographics 2002;22(4):949–62 link1

[18] Cook JR, Bouchard RR, Emelianov SY. Tissue-mimicking phantoms for photoacoustic and ultrasonic imaging. Biomed Opt Express 2011;2(11):3193–206 link1

[19] Madsen EL, Kelly-Fry E, Frank GR. Anthropomorphic phantoms for assessing systems used in ultrasound imaging of the compressed breast. Ultrasound Med Biol 1988;14(Suppl 1):183–201 link1

[20] Madsen EL, Zagzebski JA, Frank GR. An anthropomorphic ultrasound breast phantom containing intermediate-sized scatters. Ultrasound Med Biol 1982;8(4):381–92 link1

[21] Blechinger JC, Madsen EL, Frank GR. Tissue-mimicking gelatin-agar gels for use in magnetic resonance imaging phantoms. Med Phys 1988;15(4):629–36 link1

[22] Fong PM, Keil DC, Does MD, Gore JC. Polymer gels for magnetic resonance imaging of radiation dose distributions at normal room atmosphere. Phys Med Biol 2001;46(12):3105–13 link1

[23] Madsen EL, Fullerton GD. Prospective tissue-mimicking materials for use in NMR imaging phantoms. Magn Reson Imaging 1982;1(3):135–41 link1

[24] Surry KJ, Austin HJ, Fenster A, Peters TM. Poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel phantoms for use in ultrasound and MR imaging. Phys Med Biol 2004;49(24):5529–46 link1

[25] Kruger RA, Kopecky KK, Aisen AM, Reinecke DR, Kruger GA, Kiser WL Jr. Thermoacoustic CT with radio waves: A medical imaging paradigm. Radiology 1999;211(1):275–8 link1

[26] ]D’Souza WD, Madsen EL, Unal O, Vigen KK, Frank GR, Thomadsen BR. Tissue mimicking materials for a multi-imaging modality prostate phantom. Med Phys 2001;28(4):688–700 link1

[27] ]Lazebnik M, Madsen EL, Frank GR, Hagness SC. Tissue-mimicking phantom materials for narrowband and ultrawideband microwave applications. Phys Med Biol 2005;50(18):4245–58 link1

[28] Wang RK, Ma Z, Kirkpatrick SJ. Tissue Doppler optical coherence elastography for real time strain rate and strain mapping of soft tissue. Appl Phys Lett 2006;89(14):144103 link1

[29] Sun MK, Shieh J, Lo CW, Chen CS, Chen BT, Huang CW, et al.Reusable tissue-mimicking hydrogel phantoms for focused ultrasound ablation. Ultrason Sonochem 2015;23:399–405 link1

[30] Schubert C, van Langeveld MC, Donoso LA. Innovations in 3D printing: A 3D overview from optics to organs. Br J Ophthalmol 2014;98(2):159–61 link1

[31] Lipson H. New world of 3D printing offers “completely new ways of thinking”: Q&A with author, engineer, and 3-D printing expert Hod Lipson. IEEE Pulse 2013;4(6):12–4 link1

[32] Hoy MB. 3D printing: Making things at the library. Med Ref Serv Q 2013;32(1):94–9 link1

[33] Ionita CN, Mokin M, Varble N, Bednarek DR, Xiang J, Snyder KV, et al.Challenges and limitations of patient-specific vascular phantom fabrication using 3D PolyJet printing. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2014;9038:90380M.

[34] 3D printing bone on a budget [Internet]. New York: Shapeways, Inc.; c2008–2017 [updated 2011 Sep 14; cited 2017 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.shapeways.com/blog/archives/995-3D-Printing-Bone-on-a-budget!.html.

[35] Ventola CL. Medical applications for 3D printing: Current and projected uses. P T 2014;39(10):704–11.

[36] Cloonan AJ, Shahmirzadi D, Li RX, Doyle BJ, Konofagou EE, McGloughlin TM. 3D-printed tissue-mimicking phantoms for medical imaging and computational validation applications. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2014;1(1):14–23 link1

[37] Biglino G, Verschueren P, Zegels R, Taylor AM, Schievano S. Rapid prototyping compliant arterial phantoms for in vitro studies and device testing. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013;15:2 link1

[38] Leng S, Chen B, Vrieze T, Kuhlmann J, Yu L, Alexander A, et al.. Construction of realistic phantoms from patient images and a commercial three-dimensional printer. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2016;3(3):033501 link1

[39] Wang K, Wu C, Qian Z, Zhang C, Wang B, Vannan MA. Dual-material 3D printed metamaterials with tunable mechanical properties for patient-specific tissue-mimicking phantoms. Addit Manuf 2016;12(Part A):31–7.

[40] Raghavan ML, Webster MW, Vorp DA. Ex vivo biomechanical behavior of abdominal aortic aneurysm: Assessment using a new mathematical model. Ann Biomed Eng 1996;24(5):573–82 link1

[41] Wang K, Zhao Y, Chang YH, Qian Z, Zhang C, Wang B, et al.Controlling the mechanical behavior of dual-material 3D printed meta-materials for patient-specific tissue-mimicking phantoms. Mater Des 2016;90:704–12 link1

[42] Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics. Metamaterials [Internet]. [cited 2017 Jun 6]. Available from: http://metamaterials.duke.edu/research/metamaterials.

[43] Lee JH, Singer JP, Thomas EL. Micro-/nanostructured mechanical metamaterials. Adv Mater 2012;24(36):4782–810 link1

[44] Qian Z, Wang K, Liu S, Zhou X, Rajagopal V, Meduri C, et al.Quantitative prediction of paravalvular leak in transcatheter aortic valve replacement based on tissue-mimicking 3D printing. JACC Cardiovasc Imag 2017;10(7):719–31 link1

[45] Atala A, Bauer SB, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Retik AB. Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty. Lancet 2006;367(9518):1241–6 link1

[46] Furth ME, Atala A, Van Dyke ME. Smart biomaterials design for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2007;28(34):5068–73 link1

[47] Place ES, Evans ND, Stevens MM. Complexity in biomaterials for tissue engineering. Nat Mater 2009;8(6):457–70 link1

[48] Kao CT, Lin CC, Chen YW, Yeh CH, Fang HY, Shie MY. Poly(dopamine) coating of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2015;56:165–73 link1

[49] Haaparanta AM, J?rvinen E, Cengiz IF, Ell? V, Kokkonen HT, Kiviranta I, et al.Preparation and characterization of collagen/PLA, chitosan/PLA, and collagen/chitosan/PLA hybrid scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2014;25(4):1129–36 link1

[50] Campbell JJ, Husmann A, Hume RD, Watson CJ, Cameron RE. Development of three-dimensional collagen scaffolds with controlled architecture for cell migration studies using breast cancer cell lines. Biomaterials 2017;114:34–43 link1

[51] Rossi E, Gerges I, Tocchio A, Tamplenizza M, Aprile P, Recordati C, et al.Biologically and mechanically driven design of an RGD-mimetic macroporous foam for adipose tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 2016;104:65–77 link1

[52] Akbarzadeh R, Yousefi AM. Effects of processing parameters in thermally induced phase separation technique on porous architecture of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014;102(6):1304–15 link1

[53] Guarino V, Ambrosio L. The synergic effect of polylactide fiber and calcium phosphate particle reinforcement in poly epsilon-caprolactone-based composite scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2008;4(6):1778–87 link1

[54] Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Prabhakaran MP, Morshed M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Ramakrishna S. Electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2008;29(34):4532–9 link1

[55] Orr SB, Chainani A, Hippensteel KJ, Kishan A, Gilchrist C, Garrigues NW, et al.Aligned multilayered electrospun scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2015;24:117–26 link1

[56] Hribar KC, Soman P, Warner J, Chung P, Chen S. Light-assisted direct-write of 3D functional biomaterials. Lab Chip 2014;14(2):268–75 link1

[57] Raya-Rivera A, Esquiliano DR, Yoo JJ, Lopez-Bayghen E, Soker S, Atala A. Tissue-engineered autologous urethras for patients who need reconstruction: An observational study. Lancet 2011;377(9772):1175–82 link1

[58] Warnke PH, Springer IN, Wiltfang J, Acil Y, Eufinger H, Wehm?ller M, et al.Growth and transplantation of a custom vascularised bone graft in a man. Lancet 2004;364(9436):766–70 link1

[59] Bertassoni LE, Cardoso JC, Manoharan V, Cristino AL, Bhise NS, Araujo WA, et al.Direct-write bioprinting of cell-laden methacrylated gelatin hydrogels. Biofabrication 2014;6(2):024105 link1

[60] Cheng YL, Chen YW, Wang K, Shie MY. Enhanced adhesion and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell inside apatite-mineralized/poly(dopamine)-coated poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds by stereolithography. J Mater Chem B 2016;4(38):6307–15 link1

[61] Yeo M, Lee JS, Chun W, Kim GH. An innovative collagen-based cell-printing method for obtaining human adipose stem cell-laden structures consisting of core-sheath structures for tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 2016;17(4):1365–75 link1

[62] Ouyang L, Highley CB, Sun W, Burdick JA. A generalizable strategy for the 3D bioprinting of hydrogels from nonviscous photo-crosslinkable inks. Adv Mater 2017;29(8):1604983 link1

[63] Guillemot F, Souquet A, Catros S, Guillotin B, Lopez J, Faucon M, et al.High-throughput laser printing of cells and biomaterials for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2010;6(7):2494–500 link1

[64] Guillemot F, Souquet A, Catros S, Guillotin B. Laser-assisted cell printing: Principle, physical parameters versus cell fate and perspectives in tissue engineering. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010;5(3):507–15 link1

[65] Guillotin B, Souquet A, Catros S, Duocastella M, Pippenger B, Bellance S, et al.Laser assisted bioprinting of engineered tissue with high cell density and microscale organization. Biomaterials 2010;31(28):7250–6 link1

[66] Michael S, Sorg H, Peck CT, Koch L, Deiwick A, Chichkov B, et al.Tissue engineered skin substitutes created by laser-assisted bioprinting form skin-like structures in the dorsal skin fold chamber in mice. PLoS One 2013;8(3):e57741 link1

[67] Xu T, Zhao W, Zhu JM, Albanna MZ, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Complex heterogeneous tissue constructs containing multiple cell types prepared by inkjet printing technology. Biomaterials 2013;34(1):130–9 link1

[68] Yamazoe H, Tanabe T. Cell micropatterning on an albumin-based substrate using an inkjet printing technique. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009;91(4):1202–9 link1

[69] Tao H, Marelli B, Yang M, An B, Onses MS, Rogers JA, et al.Inkjet printing of regenerated silk fibroin: From printable forms to printable functions. Adv Mater 2015;27(29):4273–9 link1

[70] Tse C, Whiteley R, Yu T, Stringer J, MacNeil S, Haycock JW, et al.Inkjet printing Schwann cells and neuronal analogue NG108-15 cells. Biofabrication 2016;8(1):015017 link1

[71] Wüst S, Müller R, Hofmann S. Controlled positioning of cells in biomaterials—Approaches towards 3D tissue printing. J Funct Biomater 2011;2(3):119–54 link1

[72] Liu W, Zhang YS, Heinrich MA, De Ferrari F, Jang HL, Bakht SM, et al.Rapid continuous multimaterial extrusion bioprinting. Adv Mater 2017;29(3):1604630 link1

[73] Melchels FPW, Dhert WJA, Hutmacher DW, Mald J. Development and characterisation of a new bioink for additive tissue manufacturing. J Mater Chem B 2014;2(16):2282–9 link1

[74] Akkineni AR, Ahlfeld T, Lode A, Gelinsky M. A versatile method for combining different biopolymers in a core/shell fashion by 3D plotting to achieve mechanically robust constructs. Biofabrication 2016;8(4):045001 link1

[75] Ho CM, Mishra A, Lin PT, Ng SH, Yeong WY, Kim YJ, et al.3D printed polycaprolactone carbon nanotube composite scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Macromol Biosci 2017;17(4):1600250 link1

[76] Mironov V, Visconti RP, Kasyanov V, Forgacs G, Drake CJ, Markwald RR. Organ printing: Tissue spheroids as building blocks. Biomaterials 2009;30(12):2164–74 link1

[77] Itoh M, Nakayama K, Noguchi R, Kamohara K, Furukawa K, Uchihashi K, et al.Scaffold-free tubular tissues created by a Bio-3D printer undergo remodeling and endothelialization when implanted in rat aortae. PLoS One 2015;10(9):e0136681 link1

[78] Kolesky DB, Truby RL, Gladman AS, Busbee TA, Homan KA, Lewis JA. 3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs. Adv Mater 2014;26(19):3124–30 link1

[79] Dávila JL, Freitas MS, Infor?atti Neto P, Silveira ZC, Silva JVL, d’ávila MA. Fabrication of PCL/β-TCP scaffolds by 3D mini-screw extrusion printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2016;133(15):43031 link1

[80] Yeo M, Jung WK, Kim G. Fabrication, characterisation and biological activity of phlorotannin-conjugated PCL/β-TCP composite scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem 2012;22(8):3568–77 link1

[81] Montjovent MO, Mark S, Mathieu L, Scaletta C, Scherberich A, Delabarde C, et al.Human fetal bone cells associated with ceramic reinforced PLA scaffolds for tissue engineering. Bone 2008;42(3):554–64 link1

[82] Yu D, Li Q, Mu X, Chang T, Xiong Z. Bone regeneration of critical calvarial defect in goat model by PLGA/TCP/rhBMP-2 scaffolds prepared by low-temperature rapid-prototyping technology. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;37(10):929–34 link1

[83] Roh HS, Lee CM, Hwang YH, Kook MS, Yang SW, Lee D, et al.Addition of MgO nanoparticles and plasma surface treatment of three-dimensional printed polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffolds for improving bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C 2017;74:525–35 link1

[84] Park SA, Lee SH, Kim WD. Fabrication of porous polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) blend scaffolds using a 3D plotting system for bone tissue engineering. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011;34(4):505–13 link1

[85] Gon?alves EM, Oliveira FJ, Silva RF, Neto MA, Fernandes MH, Amaral M, et al.Three-dimensional printed PCL-hydroxyapatite scaffolds filled with CNTs for bone cell growth stimulation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016;104(6):1210–9 link1

[86] Hortigüela MJ, Gutiérrez MC, Aranaz I, Jobbágy M, Abarrategi A, Moreno-Vicente C, et al.Urea assisted hydroxyapatite mineralization on MWCNT/CHI scaffolds. J Mater Chem 2008;18(48):5933–40 link1

[87] Wiria FE, Leong KF, Chua CK, Liu Y. Poly-ε-caprolactone/hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication via selective laser sintering. Acta Biomater 2007;3(1):1–12 link1

[88] Xia Y, Zhou P, Cheng X, Xie Y, Liang C, Li C, et al.Selective laser sintering fabrication of nano-hydroxyapatite/poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2013;8:4197–213.

[89] Meng J, Xiao B, Zhang Y, Liu J, Xue H, Lei J, et al.Super-paramagnetic responsive nanofibrous scaffolds under static magnetic field enhance osteogenesis for bone repair in vivo. Sci Rep 2013;3:2655 link1

[90] Shor L, Gü?eri S, Wen X, Gandhi M, Sun W. Fabrication of three-dimensional polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite tissue scaffolds and osteoblast-scaffold interactions in vitro. Biomaterials 2007;28(35):5291–7 link1

[91] Xiao X, Liu R, Huang Q, Ding X. Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite/polycaprolactone-chitosan composites. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2009;20(12):2375–83 link1

[92] Endres M, Hutmacher DW, Salgado AJ, Kaps C, Ringe J, Reis RL, et al.Osteogenic induction of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells in novel synthetic polymer-hydrogel matrices. Tissue Eng 2003;9(4):689–702 link1

[93] Rizzi SC, Heath DJ, Coombes AG, Bock N, Textor M, Downes S. Biodegradable polymer/hydroxyapatite composites: Surface analysis and initial attachment of human osteoblasts. J Biomed Mater Res 2001;55(4):475–86 link1

[94] Zhang H, Mao X, Du Z, Jiang W, Han X, Zhao D, et al.Three dimensional printed macroporous polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for promoting bone formation in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2016;17(1):136–48 link1

[95] Senatov FS, Niaza KV, Stepashkin AA, Kaloshkin SD. Low-cycle fatigue behavior of 3D-printed PLA-based porous scaffolds. Composites, Part B 2016;97:193–200 link1

[96] Russias J, Saiz E, Nalla RK, Gryn K, Ritchie RO, Tomsia AP. Fabrication and mechanical properties of PLA/HA composites: A study of in vitro degradation. Mater Sci Eng C Biomim Supramol Syst 2006;26(8):1289–95 link1

[97] Senatov FS, Niaza KV, Zadorozhnyy MY, Maksimkin AV, Kaloshkin SD, Estrin YZ. Mechanical properties and shape memory effect of 3D-printed PLA-based porous scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016;57:139–48 link1

[98] Kutikov AB, Gurijala A, Song J. Rapid prototyping amphiphilic polymer/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds with hydration-induced self-fixation behavior. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015;21(3):229–41 link1

[99] Kutikov AB, Song J. An amphiphilic degradable polymer/hydroxyapatite composite with enhanced handling characteristics promotes osteogenic gene expression in bone marrow stromal cells. Acta Biomater 2013;9(9):8354–64 link1

[100] Zheng X, Zhou S, Li X, Weng J. Shape memory properties of poly(D,L-lactide)/hydroxyapatite composites. Biomaterials 2006;27(24):4288–95 link1

[101] Poh PSP, Hutmacher DW, Holzapfel BM, Solanki AK, Stevens MM, Woodruff MA. In vitro and in vivo bone formation potential of surface calcium phosphate-coated polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone/bioactive glass composite scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2016;30:319–33 link1

[102] Yao J, Radin S, S Leboy P, Ducheyne P. The effect of bioactive glass content on synthesis and bioactivity of composite poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/bioactive glass substrate for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005;26(14):1935–43 link1

[103] Serra T, Planell JA, Navarro M. High-resolution PLA-based composite scaffolds via 3-D printing technology. Acta Biomater 2013;9(3):5521–30 link1

[104] Kim Y, Kim G. Collagen/alginate scaffolds comprising core (PCL)–shell (collagen/alginate) struts for hard tissue regeneration: Fabrication, characterisation, and cellular activities. J Mater Chem B 2013;1(25):3185–94 link1

[105] Tsai KY, Lin HY, Chen YW, Lin CY, Hsu TT, Kao CT. Laser sintered magnesium-calcium pilicate/poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Materials (Basel) 2017;10(1):65 link1

[106] Schantz JT, Brandwood A, Hutmacher DW, Khor HL, Bittner K. Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells in computer designed fibrin-polymer-ceramic scaffolds manufactured by fused deposition modeling. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2005;16(9):807–19 link1

[107] Charles-Harris M, Koch MA, Navarro M, Lacroix D, Engel E, Planell JAA. A PLA/calcium phosphate degradable composite material for bone tissue engineering: An in vitro study. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008;19(4):1503–13 link1

[108] Wong HM, Chu PK, Leung FKL, Cheung KMC, Luk KDK, Yeung KWK. Engineered polycaprolactone—Magnesium hybrid biodegradable porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 2014;24(5):561–7 link1

[109] Kim YB, Kim GH. PCL/alginate composite scaffolds for hard tissue engineering: Fabrication, characterization, and cellular activities. ACS Comb Sci 2015;17(2):87–99 link1

[110] Lee H, Ahn S, Bonassar LJ, Kim G. Cell(MC3T3-E1)-printed poly(ε-caprolactone)/alginate hybrid scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013;34(2):142–9 link1

[111] Zhang J, Zhao S, Zhu M, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z, et al.3D-printed magnetic Fe3O4/MBG/PCL composite scaffolds with multifunctionality of bone regeneration, local anticancer drug delivery and hyperthermia. J Mater Chem B 2014;2(43):7583–95 link1

[112] Nitya G, Nair GT, Mony U, Chennazhi KP, Nair SV. In vitro evaluation of electrospun PCL/nanoclay composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2012;23(7):1749–61 link1

[113] Jin G, Kim G. The effect of sinusoidal AC electric stimulation of 3D PCL/CNT and PCL/β-TCP based bio-composites on cellular activities for bone tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2013;1(10):1439–52 link1

[114] Mackle JN, Blond DJP, Mooney E, McDonnell C, Blau WJ, Shaw G, et al.In vitro characterization of an electroactive carbon-nanotube-based nanofiber scaffold for tissue engineering. Macromol Biosci 2011;11(9):1272–82 link1

[115] Saeed K, Park SY, Lee HJ, Baek JB, Huh WS. Preparation of electrospun nanofibers of carbon nanotube/polycaprolactone nanocomposite. Polymer 2006;47(23):8019–25 link1

[116] Anaraki NA, Rad LR, Irani M, Haririan I. Fabrication of PLA/PEG/MWCNT electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for anticancer drug delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2015;132(3):41286.

[117] Yang C, Chen S, Wang J, Zhu T, Xu G, Chen Z, et al.A facile electrospinning method to fabricate polylactide/graphene/MWCNTs nanofiber membrane for tissues scaffold. Appl Surf Sci 2016;362:163–8 link1

[118] Supronowicz PR, Ajayan PM, Ullmann KR, Arulanandam BP, Metzger DW, Bizios R. Novel current-conducting composite substrates for exposing osteoblasts to alternating current stimulation. J Biomed Mater Res 2002;59(3):499–506 link1

[119] Lee JS, Jin GH, Yeo MG, Jang CH, Lee H, Kim GH. Fabrication of electrospun biocomposites comprising polycaprolactone/fucoidan for tissue regeneration. Carbohydr Polym 2012;90(1):181–8 link1

[120] Luo Y, Wu C, Lode A, Gelinsky M. Hierarchical mesoporous bioactive glass/alginate composite scaffolds fabricated by three-dimensional plotting for bone tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2013;5(1):015005 link1

[121] Luo Y, Lode A, Sonntag F, Nies B, Gelinsky M. Well-ordered biphasic calcium phosphate-alginate scaffolds fabricated by multi-channel 3D plotting under mild conditions. J Mater Chem B 2013;1(33):4088–98 link1

[122] Wang K, Chang YH, Wang B, Zhang C. Printed electronics: Principles, materials, processes, and applications. In: Geng H, editor Semiconductor manufacturing handbook. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 20 17. p. 245–316.