Engineering >> 2019, Volume 5, Issue 6 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.02.007
Multiscale Homogenization Analysis of Alkali–Silica Reaction (ASR) Effect in Concrete
a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
Next Previous
Abstract
The alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is one of the major long-term deterioration mechanisms occurring in concrete structures subjected to high humidity levels, such as bridges and dams. ASR is a chemical reaction between the silica existing inside the aggregate pieces and the alkali ions from the cement paste. This chemical reaction produces ASR gel, which imbibes additional water, leading to gel swelling. Damage and cracking are subsequently generated in concrete, resulting in degradation of its mechanical properties. In this study, ASR damage in concrete is considered within the lattice discrete particle model (LDPM), a mesoscale mechanical model that simulates concrete at the scale of the coarse aggregate pieces. The authors have already modeled successfully ASR within the LDPM framework and they have calibrated and validated the resulting model, entitled ASR-LDPM, against several experimental data sets. In the present work, a recently developed multiscale homogenization framework is employed to simulate the macroscale effects of ASR, while ASR-LDPM is utilized as the mesoscale model. First, the homogenized behavior of the representative volume element (RVE) of concrete simulated by ASR-LDPM is studied under both tension and compression, and the degradation of effective mechanical properties due to ASR over time is investigated. Next, the developed homogenization framework is utilized to reproduce experimental data reported on the free volumetric expansion of concrete prisms. Finally, the strength degradation of prisms in compression and four-point bending beams is evaluated by both the mesoscale model and the proposed multiscale approach in order to analyze the accuracy and computational efficiency of the latter. In all the numerical analyses, different RVE sizes with different inner particle realizations are considered in order to explore their effects on the homogenized response.
Keywords
Multiscale homogenization ; Representative volume element ; Alkali–silica reaction ; Lattice discrete particle model
Figures
References
[ 1 ] Giaccio G, Zerbino R, Ponce JM, Batic OR. Mechanical behavior of concretes damaged by alkali–silica reaction. Cement Concr Res 2008;38(7):993–1004. link1
[ 2 ] Saouma V, Xi Y. Literature review of alkali aggregate reactions in concrete dams. Technical report. Boulder: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado; 2004. Report No.: CU/SA-XI2004/001. link1
[ 3 ] Stanton TE. Expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregate. Proc Am Soc Civ Eng 1940;66(10):1781–811. link1
[ 4 ] ASTM C1567–13: Standard test method for determining the potential alkali– silica reactivity of combinations of cementitious materials and aggregate (accelerated mortar-bar method). ASTM Standard. West Conshohocken: ASTM International; 2013. link1
[ 5 ] ASTM C1293–18a: Standard test method for determination of length change of concrete due to alkali–silica reaction. ASTM Standard. West Conshohocken: ASTM International; 2018. link1
[ 6 ] Bazˇant ZP, Zi G, Meyer C. Fracture mechanics of ASR in concretes with waste glass particles of different sizes. J Eng Mech 2000;126(3):226–32. link1
[ 7 ] Charlwood RG, Solymar SV, Curtis DD. A review of alkali aggregate reactions in hydroelectric plants and dams. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of Alkali–Aggregate Reactions in Hydroelectric Plants and Dams; 1992 Sep 28– Oct 2; Fredericton, NB, Canada; 1992. link1
[ 8 ] Thompson GA, Charlwood RG, Steele RR, Curtis D. Mactaquac generating station intake and spillway remedial measures. In: Proceedings for the Eighteenth International Congress on Large Dams; 1994 Nov 7–11; Durban, South Africa; 1994. p. 347–68. link1
[ 9 ] Léger P, Côté P, Tinawi R. Finite element analysis of concrete swelling due to alkali–aggregate reactions in dams. Comput Struc 1996;60(4):601–11. link1
[10] Herrador MF, Martínez-Abella F, del Hoyo Fernández-Gago R. Mechanical behavior model for ASR-affected dam concrete under service load: formulation and verification. Mater Struct 2009;42(2):201–12. link1
[11] Ulm FJ, Coussy O, Kefei L, Larive C. Thermo-chemo-mechanics of ASR expansion in concrete structures. J Eng Mech 2000;126(3):233–42. link1
[12] Fairbairn EMR, Ribeiro FLB, Lopes LE, Toledo-Filho RD, Silvoso MM. Modelling the structural behaviour of a dam affected by alkali–silica reaction. Commun Numer Methods Eng 2006;22(1):1–12. link1
[13] Larive C. Apports combinés de l’expérimentation et de la modélisation à la compréhension de l’alcali-réaction et de ses effets mécaniques [dissertation]. Paris: Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées; 1998. French. link1
[14] Saouma V, Perotti L. Constitutive model for alkali–aggregate reactions. ACI Mater J 2006;103(3):194–202. link1
[15] Multon S, Seignol JF, Toutlemonde F. Chemomechanical assessment of beams damaged by alkali–silica reaction. J Mater Civ Eng 2006;18(4):500–9. link1
[16] Comi C, Fedele R, Perego U. A chemo-thermo-damage model for the analysis of concrete dams affected by alkali–silica reaction. Mech Mater 2009;41 (3):210–30. link1
[17] Comi C, Perego U. Anisotropic damage model for concrete affected by alkali– aggregate reaction. Int J Damage Mech 2011;20(4):598–617. link1
[18] Poyet S, Sellier A, Capra B, Foray G, Torrenti JM, Cognon H, et al. Chemical modelling of alkali silica reaction: influence of the reactive aggregate size distribution. Mater Struct 2007;40(2):229–39. link1
[19] Bazˇant ZP, Rahimi-Aghdam S. Diffusion-controlled and creep-mitigated ASR damage via microplane model. I: mass concrete. J Eng Mech 2017;143 (2):04016108. link1
[20] Rahimi-Aghdam S, Bazˇant ZP, Caner FC. Diffusion-controlled and creepmitigated ASR damage via microplane model. II: material degradation, drying, and verification. J Eng Mech 2017;143(2):04016109. link1
[21] Capra B, Sellier A. Orthotropic modelling of alkali–aggregate reaction in concrete structures: numerical simulations. Mech Mater 2003;35(8):817–30. link1
[22] Cusatis G, Rezakhani R, Alnaggar M, Zhou X, Pelessone D. Multiscale computational models for the simulation of concrete materials and structures. In: Bicanic N, Mang H, Meschke G, de Borst R, editors. Computational modelling of concrete structures. London: CRC Press; 2014. p. 23–38. link1
[23] Alnaggar M, Cusatis G, Di Luzio G. Lattice discrete particle modeling (LDPM) of alkali silica reaction (ASR) deterioration of concrete structures. Cement Concr Compos 2013;41:45–59. link1
[24] Cusatis G, Pelessone D, Mencarelli A. Lattice discrete particle model (LDPM) for failure behavior of concrete. I: theory. Cement Concr Compos 2011;33 (9):881–90. link1
[25] Cusatis G, Mencarelli A, Pelessone D, Baylot J. Lattice discrete particle model (LDPM) for failure behavior of concrete. II: calibration and validation. Cement Concr Compos 2011;33(9):891–905. link1
[26] Alnaggar M, Liu M, Qu J, Cusatis G. Lattice discrete particle modeling of acoustic nonlinearity change in accelerated alkali silica reaction (ASR) tests. Mater Struct 2016;49(9):3523–45. link1
[27] Alnaggar M, Di Luzio G, Cusatis G. modeling time-dependent behavior of concrete affected by alkali silica reaction in variable environmental conditions. Materials (Basel) 2017;10(5):E471. link1
[28] Wu T, Temizer I, Wriggers P. Multiscale hydro-thermo-chemo-mechanical coupling: application to alkali–silica reaction. Comput Mater Sci 2014;84:381–95. link1
[29] Rezakhani R, Cusatis G. Generalized mathematical homogenization of the lattice discrete particle model. In: Van Mier JGM, Ruiz G, Andrade C, Yu RC, Zhang XX, editors. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, FraMCoS 2013; 2013 Mar 11– 14; Toledo, Spain. p. 261–71. link1
[30] Rezakhani R, Cusatis G. Asymptotic expansion homogenization of discrete fine-scale models with rotational degrees of freedom for the simulation of quasi-brittle materials. J Mech Phys Solids 2016;88:320–45. link1
[31] Rezakhani R, Zhou X, Cusatis G. Adaptive multiscale homogenization of the lattice discrete particle model for the analysis of damage and fracture in concrete. Int J Solids Struct 2017;125:50–67. link1
[32] Cusatis G, Alnaggar M, Rezakhani R. Multiscale modeling of alkali silica reaction degradation of concrete. In: Li K, Yan P, Yang R, editors. Proceedings of the RILEM International Symposium on Concrete Modelling—CONMOD 2014; 2014 Oct 12–14; Beijing, China. Bagneux: RILEM Publications S.A.R.L.; 2014. p. 431–8. link1
[33] Cusatis G, Zhou X. High-order microplane theory for quasi-brittle materials with multiple characteristic lengths. J Eng Mech 2014;140(7):04014046. link1
[34] Ceccato C, Salviato M, Pellegrino C, Cusatis G. Simulation of concrete failure and fiber reinforced polymer fracture in confined columns with different cross sectional shape. Int J Solids Struct 2017;108:216–29. link1
[35] Pelessone D. MARS: modeling and analysis of the response of structures— user’s manual. Solana Beach: ES3; 2009 [cited date]. Available from: http:// www.es3inc.com/mechanics/MARS/Online/MarsManual.htm. link1
[36] Smith J, Cusatis G, Pelessone D, Landis E, O’Daniel J, Baylot J. Discrete modeling of ultra-high-performance concrete with application to projectile penetration. Int J Impact Eng 2014;65:13–32. link1
[37] Feng J, Sun W, Li B. Numerical study of size effect in concrete penetration with LDPM. Def Technol 2018;14(5):560–9. link1
[38] Schauffert EA, Cusatis G. Lattice discrete particle model for fiber-reinforced concrete. I: theory. J Eng Mech 2012;138(7):826–33. link1
[39] Schauffert EA, Cusatis G, Pelessone D, O’Daniel JL, Baylot JT. Lattice discrete particle model for fiber-reinforced concrete. II: tensile fracture and multiaxial loading behavior. J Eng Mech 2012;138(7):834–41. link1
[40] Feng J, Yao W, Li W, Li W. Lattice discrete particle modeling of plain concrete perforation responses. Int J Impact Eng 2017;109:39–51. link1
[41] Chatterji S, Jensen AD, Thaulow N, Christensen P. Studies of alkali–silica reaction. Part 3. Mechanisms by which NaCl and Ca(OH)2 affect the reaction. Cement Concr Res 1986;16(2):246–54. link1
[42] Diamond S, Barneyback RS, Struble LJ. On the physics and chemistry of alkali– silica reactions. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Alkali– Aggregate Reaction in Concrete; 1981 Mar 30–Apr 3; Cape Town, South Africa; 1981. link1
[43] Dron R, Brivot F. Thermodynamic and kinetic approach to the alkali–silica reaction. Part 1: concepts. Cement Concr Res 1992;22(5):941–8. link1
[44] Prince W, Perami R. Mise en evidence du role essentiel des ions OH dans les reactions alcali–silice. Cement Concr Res 1993;23(5):1121–9. French. link1
[45] Wilson M, Cabrera JG, Zou Y. The process and mechanism of alkali–silica reaction using fused silica as the reactive aggregate. Adv Cement Res 1994;6 (23):117–25. link1
[46] Chatterji S, Thaulow N, Jensen AD. Studies of alkali–silica reaction. Part 4: effect of different alkali salt solutions on expansion. Cement Concr Res 1987;17(5):777–83. link1
[47] Kim T, Olek J. Chemical sequence and kinetics of alkali–silica reaction. Part I: experiments. J Am Ceram Soc 2014;97(7):2195–203. link1
[48] Larive C, Laplaud A, Coussy O. The role of water in alkali–silica reaction. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali–Aggregate Reaction; 2000 Jun 11–16; Quebec City, QC, Canada; 2000, p. 61–9. link1
[49] Multon S, Toutlemonde F. Effect of moisture conditions and transfers on alkali silica reaction damaged structures. Cement Concr Res 2010;40 (6):924–34. link1
[50] Glasser LSD. Osmotic pressure and the swelling of gels. Cement Concr Res 1979;9(4):515–7. link1
[51] Šachlová Š, Prˇikryl R, Pertold Z. Alkali–silica reaction products: comparison between samples from concrete structures and laboratory test specimens. Mater Charact 2010;61(12):1379–93. link1
[52] Thaulow N, Jakobsen UH, Clark B. Composition of alkali silica gel and ettringite in concrete railroad ties: SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction analyses. Cement Concr Res 1996;26(2):309–18. link1
[53] Fernandes I. Composition of alkali–silica reaction products at different locations within concrete structures. Mater Charact 2009;60(7): 655–68. link1
[54] Moon J, Speziale S, Meral C, Kalkan B, Clark SM, Monteiro PJM. Determination of the elastic properties of amorphous materials: case study of alkali–silica reaction gel. Cement Concr Res 2013;54:55–60. link1
[55] Lindgård J, Andiç-Çakır Ö, Fernandes I, Rønning TF, Thomas MDA. Alkali–silica reactions (ASR): literature review on parameters influencing laboratory performance testing. Cement Concr Res 2012;42(2):223–43. link1
[56] Ben Haha M. Mechanical effects of alkali silica reaction in concrete studied by SEM-image analysis [dissertation]. Lausanne: École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne; 2006. link1
[57] Sanchez LFM, Fournier B, Jolin M, Duchesne J. Reliable quantification of AAR damage through assessment of the damage rating index (DRI). Cement Concr Res 2015;67:74–92. link1
[58] Regourd M, Hornain H, Poitevin O. Alkali–aggregate reaction concrete microstructural evolution. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Alkali–Aggregate Reaction in Concrete; 1981 Mar 30–Apr 3; Cape Town, South Africa; 1981. link1
[59] Di Luzio G, Cusatis G. Hygro-thermo-chemical modeling of high performance concrete. I: theory. Cement Concr Compos 2009;31(5):301–8. link1
[60] Hassani B, Hinton E. A review of homogenization and topology optimization I—homogenization theory for media with periodic structure. Comput Struct 1998;69(6):707–17. link1
[61] Kouznetsova VG, Geers M, Brekelmans WAM. Size of a representative volume element in a second-order computational homogenization framework. Int J Multiscale Comput Eng 2004;2(4):575–98. link1
[62] Li W, Rezakhani R, Jin C, Zhou X, Cusatis G. A multiscale framework for the simulation of the anisotropic mechanical behavior of shale. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 2017;41(14):1494–522. link1
[63] Shehata MH, Thomas MDA. The effect of fly ash composition on the expansion of concrete due to alkali–silica reaction. Cement Concr Res 2000;30 (7):1063–72. link1
[64] Gitman IM, Askes H, Sluys LJ. Coupled-volume multi-scale modelling of quasibrittle material. Eur J Mech A Solids 2008;27(3):302–27. link1