[ 1 ] Mota C, Puppi D, Chiellini F, Chiellini E. Additive manufacturing techniques for the production of tissue engineering constructs. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015;9(3):174–90. link1

[ 2 ] Puppi D, Chiellini F, Piras AM, Chiellini E. Polymeric materials for bone and cartilage repair. Prog Polym Sci 2010;35(4):403–40. link1

[ 3 ] Cruz A, Cordeiro C, Franco M. 3D printed hollow-core terahertz fibers. Fibers 2018;6(3):43. link1

[ 4 ] MacDonald E, Wicker R. Multiprocess 3D printing for increasing component functionality. Science 2016;353(6307):aaf2093. link1

[ 5 ] Hermann S, Wolfgang R, Stephan I, Barbara L, Carsten T. Three-dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005;74B(2):782–8. link1

[ 6 ] Zadpoor AA, Malda J. Additive manufacturing of biomaterials, tissues, and organs. Ann Biomed Eng 2017;45(1):1–11. link1

[ 7 ] Chia HN, Wu BM. Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials. J Biol Eng 2015;9(1):4. link1

[ 8 ] Ngo TD, Kashani A, Imbalzano G, Nguyen KTQ, Hui D. Additive manufacturing (3D printing): a review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos Part B 2018;143:172–96. link1

[ 9 ] Norman J, Madurawe RD, Moore CMV, Moore MA, Khairuzzaman A. A new chapter in pharmaceutical manufacturing: 3D-printed drug products. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016;108:39–50. link1

[10] Godoi FC, Prakash S, Bhandari BR. 3D printing technologies applied for food design: status and prospects. J Food Eng 2016;179:44–54. link1

[11] Suntornnond R, An J, Chua CK. Bioprinting of thermoresponsive hydrogels for next generation tissue engineering: a review. Macromol Mater Eng 2017;302 (1):1600266. link1

[12] Gu D, Ma C, Xia M, Dai D, Shi Q. A multiscale understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms of laser additive manufacturing. Engineering 2017;3(5):675–84. link1

[13] An J, Teoh JEM, Suntornnond R, Chua CK. Design and 3D printing of scaffolds and tissues. Engineering 2015;1(2):261–8. link1

[14] Woodruff MA, Hutmacher DW. The return of a forgotten polymer– polycaprolactone in the 21st century. Prog Polym Sci 2010;35(10):1217–56. link1

[15] Miri AK, Nieto D, Iglesias L, Hosseinabadi HG, Maharjan S, Ruiz-Esparza GU, et al. Microfluidics-enabled multi-material maskless stereolithographic bioprinting. Adv Mater 2018;30(27):1800242. link1

[16] Seemann R, Brinkmann M, Pfohl T, Herminghaus S. Droplet based microfluidics. Rep Prog Phys 2012;75(1):016601. link1

[17] Song Y, Michaels TCT, Ma Q, Liu Z, Yuan H, Takayama S, et al. Budding-like division of all-aqueous emulsion droplets modulated by networks of protein nanofibrils. Nat Commun 2018;9(1):2110. link1

[18] Zhu P, Wang L. Passive and active droplet generation with microfluidics: a review. Lab Chip 2017;17(1):34–75. link1

[19] Shang L, Yu Y, Liu Y, Chen Z, Kong T, Zhao Y. Spinning and applications of bioinspired fiber systems. ACS Nano 2019;13(3):2749–72. link1

[20] Li X, Jiang X. Microfluidics for producing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based pharmaceutical nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018;128:101–14. link1

[21] Xie R, Xu P, Liu Y, Li L, Luo G, Ding M, et al. Necklace-like microfibers with variable knots and perfusable channels fabricated by an oil-free microfluidic spinning process. Adv Mater 2018;30(14):1705082. link1

[22] Song Y, Shimanovich U, Michaels TCT, Ma Q, Li J, Knowles TPJ, et al. Fabrication of fibrillosomes from fibrillosomes from droplets stabilized by protein nanofibrils at all-aqueous interfaces. Nat Commun 2016;7:12934. link1

[23] Duncanson WJ, Lin T, Abate AR, Seiffert S, Shah RK, Weitz DA. Microfluidic synthesis of advanced microparticles for encapsulation and controlled release. Lab Chip 2012;12(12):2135–45. link1

[24] Song Y, Fan JB, Li X, Liang X, Wang S. pH-regulated heterostructure porous particles enable similarly sized protein separation. Adv Mater 2019;31 (16):1900391. link1

[25] Zhao X, Liu S, Yildirimer L, Zhao H, Ding R, Wang H, et al. Injectable stem cellladen photocrosslinkable microspheres fabricated using microfluidics for rapid generation of osteogenic tissue constructs. Adv Funct Mater 2016;26 (17):2809–19. link1

[26] Luo J, Meng J, Gu Z, Wang L, Zhang F, Wang S. Topography-induced cell selforganization from simple to complex aggregates. Small 2019;15 (15):1900030. link1

[27] Shang L, Cheng Y, Zhao Y. Emerging droplet microfluidics. Chem Rev 2017;117(12):7964–8040. link1

[28] Liu Y, Zhao X, Zhao C, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Responsive porous microcarriers with controllable oxygen delivery for wound healing. Small 2019;15(21):1901254. link1

[29] Chen G, Yu Y, Wu X, Wang G, Gu G, Wang F, et al. Microfluidic electrospray niacin metal–organic frameworks encapsulated microcapsules for wound healing. Research 2019;2019:6175398. link1

[30] Liu X, Zhang H, Cheng R, Gu Y, Yin Y, Sun Z, et al. An immunological electrospun scaffold for tumor cell killing and healthy tissue regeneration. Mater Horiz 2018;5(6):1082–91. link1

[31] Whitesides GM. The origins and the future of microfluidics. Nature 2006;442 (7101):368–73. link1

[32] Stone HA, Stroock AD, Ajdari A. Engineering flows in small devices: microfluidics toward a lab-on-a-chip. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 2004;36:381–411. link1

[33] Liu D, Zhang H, Fontana F, Hirvonen JT, Santos HA. Current developments and applications of microfluidic technology toward clinical translation of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018;128:54–83. link1

[34] Wang Y, Shang L, Bian F, Zhang X, Wang S, Zhou M, et al. Hollow colloid assembled photonic crystal clusters as suspension barcodes for multiplex bioassays. Small 2019;15(13):1900056. link1

[35] Zhang H, Cui W, Qu X, Wu H, Qu L, Zhang X, et al. Photothermal-responsive nanosized hybrid polymersome as versatile therapeutics codelivery nanovehicle for effective tumor suppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2019;116(16):7744–9. link1

[36] Guo J, Yu Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhao Y. Conductivity polymer hydrogel microfibers from multi-flow microfluidics. Small 2019;15 (15):1805162. link1

[37] Squires TM, Quake SR. Microfluidics: fluid physics at the nanoliter scale. Rev Mod Phys 2005;77(3):977–1026. link1

[38] Atencia J, Beebe DJ. Controlled microfluidic interfaces. Nature 2005;437 (7059):648–55. link1

[39] Song H, Tice JD, Ismagilov RF. A microfluidic system for controlling reaction networks in time. Angew Chem Int Ed 2003;42(7):768–72. link1

[40] Sengupta A, Herminghaus S, Bahr C. Liquid crystal microfluidics: surface, elastic and viscous interactions at microscales. Liq Cryst Rev 2014;2 (2):73–110. link1

[41] Raj A, Suthanthiraraj PPA, Sen AK. Pressure-driven flow through PDMS-based flexible microchannels and their applications in microfluidics. Microfluid Nanofluid 2018;22(11):128. link1

[42] Yu Y, Shang L, Guo J, Wang J, Zhao Y. Design of capillary microfluidics for spinning cell-laden microfibers. Nat Protoc 2018;13:2557–79. link1

[43] Sengupta A. Topological microfluidics—nematic liquid crystals and nematic colloids in microfluidic environment. Berlin: Springer; 2013. link1

[44] Duffy DC, McDonald JC, Schueller OJA, Whitesides GM. Rapid prototyping of microfluidic systems in poly(dimethylsiloxane). Anal Chem 1998;70 (23):4974–84. link1

[45] Wang B, Prinsen P, Wang H, Bai Z, Wang H, Luque R, et al. Macroporous materials: microfluidic fabrication, functionalization and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017;46(3):855–914. link1

[46] Liu W, Shang L, Zheng F, Lu J, Qian J, Zhao Y, et al. Photonic crystal encoded microcarriers for biomaterial evaluation. Small 2013;10(1):88–93. link1

[47] Zheng F, Cheng Y, Wang J, Lu J, Zhang B, Zhao Y, et al. Aptamer-functionalized barcode particles for the capture and detection of multiple types of circulating tumor cells. Adv Mater 2014;26(43):7333–8. link1

[48] Cheng Y, Zhang X, Cao Y, Tian C, Li Y, Wang M, et al. Centrifugal microfluidics for ultra-rapid fabrication of versatile hydrogel microcarriers. Appl Mater Today 2018;13:116–25. link1

[49] Yu C, Kornmuller A, Brown C, Hoare T, Flynn LE. Decellularized adipose tissue microcarriers as a dynamic culture platform for human adipose-derived stem/stromal cell expansion. Biomaterials 2017;120:66–80. link1

[50] Siltanen C, Yaghoobi M, Haque A, You J, Lowen J, Soleimani M, et al. Microfluidic fabrication of bioactive microgels for rapid formation and enhanced differentiation of stem cell spheroids. Acta Biomater 2016;34:125–32. link1

[51] Zhou Y, Gao HL, Shen LL, Pan Z, Mao LB, Wu T, et al. Chitosan microspheres with an extracellular matrix-mimicking nanofibrous structure as cell-carrier building blocks for bottom-up cartilage tissue engineering. Nanoscale 2016;8 (1):309–17. link1

[52] Griffin DR, Weaver WM, Scumpia PO, Di Carlo D, Segura T. Accelerated wound healing by injectable microporous gel scaffolds assembled from annealed building blocks. Nat Mater 2015;14(7):737. link1

[53] Headen DM, Aubry G, Lu H, García AJ. Microfluidic-based generation of sizecontrolled, biofunctionalized synthetic polymer microgels for cell encapsulation. Adv Mater 2014;26(19):3003–8. link1

[54] Wang J, Chen G, Zhao Z, Sun L, Zou M, Ren J, et al. Responsive graphene oxide hydrogel microcarriers for controllable cell capture and release. Sci China Mater 2018;61(10):1314–24. link1

[55] Zhang L, Chen K, Zhang H, Pang B, Choi CH, Mao AS, et al. Microfluidic templated multicompartment microgels for 3D encapsulation and pairing of single cells. Small 2017;14(9):1702955. link1

[56] Wang J, Zou M, Sun L, Cheng Y, Shang L, Fu F, et al. Microfluidic generation of Buddha beads-like mirocarriers for cell culture. Sci China Mater 2017;60 (9):857–65. link1

[57] Wang J, Cheng Y, Yu Y, Fu F, Chen Z, Zhao Y, et al. Microfluidic generation of porous microcarriers for three-dimensional cell culture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015;7(49):27035–9. link1

[58] Agarwal P, Wang H, Sun M, Xu J, Zhao S, Liu Z, et al. Microfluidics enabled bottom-up engineering of 3D vascularized tumor for drug discovery. ACS Nano 2017;11(7):6691–702. link1

[59] Ma M, Chiu A, Sahay G, Doloff JC, Dholakia N, Thakrar R, et al. Core–shell hydrogel microcapsules for improved islets encapsulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2013;2(5):667–72. link1

[60] Kim C, Chung S, Kim YE, Lee KS, Lee SH, Oh KW, et al. Generation of core–shell microcapsules with three-dimensional focusing device for efficient formation of cell spheroid. Lab Chip 2011;11(2):246–52. link1

[61] Chen C, Tang J, Gu Y, Liu L, Liu X, Deng L, et al. Bioinspired hydrogel electrospun fibers for spinal cord regeneration. Adv Funct Mater 2019;29 (4):1806899. link1

[62] Ma J, Wang Y, Liu J. Biomaterials meet microfluidics: from synthesis technologies to biological applications. Micromachines 2017;8(8):255. link1

[63] Chan HF, Ma S, Leong KW. Can microfluidics address biomanufacturing challenges in drug/gene/cell therapies? Regen Biomater 2016;3(2):87–98. link1

[64] Cheng J, Jun Y, Qin J, Lee SH. Electrospinning versus microfluidic spinning of functional fibers for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2017;114:121–43. link1

[65] Chaurasia AS, Sajjadi S. Transformable bubble-filled alginate microfibers via vertical microfluidics. Lab Chip 2019;19(5):851–63. link1

[66] Venkatesan J, Bhatnagar I, Manivasagan P, Kang KH, Kim SK. Alginate composites for bone tissue engineering: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 2015;72:269–81. link1

[67] Castilho M, van Mil A, Maher M, Metz CHG, Hochleitner G, Groll J, et al. Melt electrowriting allows tailored microstructural and mechanical design of scaffolds to advance functional human myocardial tissue formation. Adv Funct Mater 2018;28(40):1803151. link1

[68] Palumbo FS, Fiorica C, Pitarresi G, Zingales M, Bologna E, Giammona G. Multifibrillar bundles of a self-assembling hyaluronic acid derivative obtained through a microfluidic technique for aortic smooth muscle cell orientation and differentiation. Biomater Sci 2018;6(9):2518–26. link1

[69] Liu M, Zeng X, Ma C, Yi H, Ali Z, Mou X, et al. Injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. Bone Res 2017;5:17014. link1

[70] Yap SHK, Chien YH, Tan R, Alauddin ARB. An advanced hand-held microfiberbased sensor for ultrasensitive lead ion detection. ACS Sensors 2018;3 (12):2506–12. link1

[71] Yao B, Wang H, Zhou Q, Wu M, Zhang M, Li C, et al. Ultrahigh-conductivity polymer hydrogels with arbitrary structures. Adv Mater 2017;29 (28):1700974. link1

[72] Jun Y, Kang E, Chae S, Lee SH. Microfluidic spinning of micro- and nano-scale fibers for tissue engineering. Lab Chip 2014;14(13):2145–60. link1

[73] Sun T, Li X, Shi Q, Wang H, Huang Q, Fukuda T. Microfluidic spun alginate hydrogel microfibers and their application in tissue engineering. Gels 2018;4 (2):38. link1

[74] Daniele MA, Boyd DA, Adams AA, Ligler FS. Microfluidic strategies for design and assembly of microfibers and nanofibers with tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2015;4(1):11–28. link1

[75] Cheng Y, Zheng F, Lu J, Shang L, Xie Z, Zhao Y, et al. Bioinspired multicompartmental microfibers from microfluidics. Adv Mater 2014;26 (30):5184–90. link1

[76] Yu Y, Fu F, Shang L, Cheng Y, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Bioinspired helical microfibers from microfluidics. Adv Mater 2017;29(18):1605765. link1

[77] Kobayashi A, Yamakoshi K, Yajima Y, Utoh R, Yamada M, Seki M. Preparation of stripe-patterned heterogeneous hydrogel sheets using microfluidic devices for high-density coculture of hepatocytes and fibroblasts. J Biosci Bioeng 2013;116(6):761–7. link1

[78] Kang E, Jeong GS, Choi YY, Lee KH, Khademhosseini A, Lee SH. Digitally tunable physicochemical coding of material composition and topography in continuous microfibres. Nat Mater 2011;10(11):877–83. link1

[79] Shang L, Fu F, Cheng Y, Yu Y, Wang J, Gu Z, et al. Bioinspired multifunctional spindle-knotted microfibers from microfluidics. Small 2017;13(4):1600286. link1

[80] Yu Y, Wen H, Ma J, Lykkemark S, Xu H, Qin J. Flexible fabrication of biomimetic bamboo-like hybrid microfibers. Adv Mater 2014;26(16): 2494–9. link1

[81] Cheng Y, Yu Y, Fu F, Wang J, Shang L, Gu Z, et al. Controlled fabrication of bioactive microfibers for creating tissue constructs using microfluidic techniques. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016;8(2):1080–6. link1

[82] Yu Y, Wei W, Wang Y, Xu C, Guo Y, Qin J. Simple spinning of heterogeneous hollow microfibers on chip. Adv Mater 2016;28(31):6649–55. link1

[83] Sun T, Huang Q, Shi Q, Wang H, Liu X, Seki M, et al. Magnetic assembly of microfluidic spun alginate microfibers for fabricating three-dimensional cellladen hydrogel constructs. Microfluid Nanofluid 2015;19(5):1169–80. link1

[84] Lee KH, Shin SJ, Kim CB, Kim JK, Cho YW, Chung BG. Microfluidic synthesis of pure chitosan microfibers for bio-artificial liver chip. Lab Chip 2010;10 (10):1328–34. link1

[85] Ghorbanian S, Qasaimeh MA, Akbari M, Tamayol A, Juncker D. Microfluidic direct writer with integrated declogging mechanism for fabricating cell-laden hydrogel constructs. Biomed Microdevices 2014;16(3):387–95. link1

[86] Onoe H, Okitsu T, Itou A, Kato-Negishi M, Gojo R, Kiriya D, et al. Metre-long cell-laden microfibres exhibit tissue morphologies and functions. Nat Mater 2013;12(6):584. link1

[87] Costantini M, Testa S, Mozetic P, Barbetta A, Fuoco C, Fornetti E, et al. Microfluidic-enhanced 3D bioprinting of aligned myoblast-laden hydrogels leads to functionally organized myofibers in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2017;131:98–110. link1

[88] Chen Z, Fu F, Yu Y, Shang Y, Wang H, Zhao Y. Cardiomyocytes actuated Morpho butterfly wings. Adv Mater 2019;31(8):1805431. link1

[89] Zuidema JM, Hyzinski-García MC, van Vlasselaer K, Zaccor NW, Plopper GE, Mongin AA, et al. Enhanced GLT-1 mediated glutamate uptake and migration of primary astrocytes directed by fibronectin-coated electrospun poly-Llactic acid fibers. Biomaterials 2014;35(5):1439–49. link1

[90] Shang Y, Chen Z, Fu F, Sun L, Shao C, Jin W, et al. Cardiomyocytes-driven structural color actuation in anisotropic inverse opals. ACS Nano 2019;13 (1):796–802. link1

[91] Haynl C, Hofmann E, Pawar K, Förster S, Scheibel T. Microfluidics-produced collagen fibers show extraordinary mechanical properties. Nano Lett 2016;16 (9):5917–22. link1

[92] Kang E, Choi YY, Chae SK, Moon JH, Chang JY, Lee SH. Microfluidic spinning of flat alginate fibers with grooves for cell-aligning scaffolds. Adv Mater 2012;24 (31):4271–7. link1

[93] Hwang CM, Park Y, Park JY, Lee K, Sun K, Khademhosseini A, et al. Controlled cellular orientation on PLGA microfibers with defined diameters. Biomed Microdevices 2009;11(4):739–46. link1

[94] Yang Y, Sun J, Liu X, Guo Z, He Y, Wei D, et al. Wet-spinning fabrication of shear-patterned alginate hydrogel microfibers and the guidance of cell alignment. Regen Biomater 2017;4(5):299–307. link1

[95] Wu Q, Maire M, Lerouge S, Therriault D, Heuzey MC. 3D printing of microstructured and stretchable chitosan hydrogel for guided cell growth. Adv Biosyst 2017;1(6):1700058. link1

[96] Wei X,Wang Y, Xiong X, Guo X, Zhang L, Zhang X, et al. Codelivery of ap–pstacked dual anticancer drug combination with nanocarriers for overcoming multidrug resistance and tumor metastasis. Adv Funct Mater 2016;26(45):8266–80. link1

[97] Heinrich MA, Bansal R, Broekman M, Lammers T, Zhang YS, Schiffelers RM, et al. 3D-bioprinted mini-brain: a glioblastoma model to study cellular interactions and therapeutics. Adv Mater 2019;31(14):1806590. link1

[98] Shield K, Ackland ML, Ahmed N, RiceShield GE. Multicellular spheroids in ovarian cancer metastases: biology and pathology. Gynecol Oncol 2009;113 (1):143–8. link1

[99] Lee J, Cuddihy MJ, Kotov NA. Three-dimensional cell culture matrices: state of the art. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2008;14(1):61–86. link1

[100] Nath S, Devi GR. Three-dimensional culture systems in cancer research: focus on tumor spheroid model. Pharmacol Ther 2016;163:94–108. link1

[101] Lv D, Hu Z, Lu L, Lu H, Xu X. Three-dimensional cell culture: a powerful tool in tumor research and drug discovery. Oncol Lett 2017;14(6):6999–7010. link1

[102] van Wezel AL. Growth of cell-strains and primary cells on micro-carriers in homogeneous culture. Nature 1967;216(5110):64–5. link1

[103] Wang Y, Wang J. Mixed hydrogel bead-based tumor spheroid formation and anticancer drug testing. Analyst 2014;139(10):2449–58. link1

[104] Agarwal P, Zhao S, Bielecki P, Rao W, Choi JK, Zhao Y, et al. One-step microfluidic generation of pre-hatching embryo-like core–shell microcapsules for miniaturized 3D culture of pluripotent stem cells. Lab Chip 2013;13(23):4525–33. link1

[105] Agarwal P, Choi JK, Huang H, Zhao S, Dumbleton J, Li J, et al. A biomimetic core-shell platform for miniaturized 3D cell and tissue engineering. Part Part Syst Charact 2015;32(8):809–16. link1

[106] Chan HF, Zhang Y, Ho YP, Chiu Y, Jung Y, Leong KW. Rapid formation of multicellular spheroids in double-emulsion droplets with controllable microenvironment. Sci Rep 2013;3:3462. link1

[107] Matsunaga YT, Morimoto Y, Takeuchi S. Molding cell beads for rapid construction of macroscopic 3D tissue architecture. Adv Mater 2011;23 (12):90–4. link1

[108] Lozano R, Stevens L, Thompson BC, Gilmore KJ, Gorkin R, Stewart EM, et al. 3D printing of layered brain-like structures using peptide modified gellan gum substrates. Biomaterials 2015;67:264–73. link1

[109] Mao X, Cheng R, Zhang H, Bae J, Cheng L, Zhang L, et al. Self-healing and injectable hydrogel for matching skin flap regeneration. Adv Sci 2019;6 (3):1801555. link1

[110] Zhu Y, Yang K, Cheng R, Xiang Y, Yuan T, Cheng Y, et al. The current status of biodegradable stent to treat benign luminal disease. Mater Today 2017;20 (9):516–29. link1

[111] Yu Y, Chen G, Guo J, Liu Y, Ren J, Kong T, et al. Vitamin metal–organic framework-laden microfibers from microfluidics for wound healing. Mater Horiz 2018;5(6):1137–42. link1

[112] Zhou H, Xu HHK. The fast release of stem cells from alginate–fibrin microbeads in injectable scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2011;32(30):7503–13. link1