2021, Volume 7, Issue 3
Engineering >> 2021, Volume 7, Issue 3 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.01.006
Evaluation Method and Mitigation Strategies for Shrinkage Cracking of Modern Concrete
a College of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
b State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
Next Previous
Abstract
The complex compositions and large shrinkage of concrete, as well as the strong constraints of the structures, often lead to prominent shrinkage cracking problems in modern concrete structures. This paper first introduces a multi-field (hydro–thermo–hygro–constraint) coupling model with the hydration degree of cementitious materials as the basic state parameter to estimate the shrinkage cracking risk of hardening concrete under coupling effects. Second, three new key technologies are illustrated: temperature rise inhibition, full-stage shrinkage compensation, and shrinkage reduction technologies. These technologies can efficiently reduce the thermal, autogenous, and drying shrinkages of concrete. Thereafter, a design process based on the theoretical model and key technologies is proposed to control the cracking risk index below the threshold value. Finally, two engineering application examples are provided that demonstrate that concrete shrinkage cracking can be significantly mitigated by adopting the proposed methods and technologies.
Keywords
Modern concrete ; Shrinkage ; Hydration degree ; Mitigation strategies ; Cracking risk
Figures
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
References
[ 1 ] Leemann A, Lura P, Loser R. Shrinkage and creep of SCC—the influence of paste volume and binder composition. Constr Build Mater 2011;25(5):2283–9. link1
[ 2 ] Wang TM. Control of cracking in engineering structure. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press; 1997. Chinese. link1
[ 3 ] Wang K, Jansen D, Shah SP, Karr A. Permeability study of cracked concrete. Cement Concr Res 1997;27(3):381–93. link1
[ 4 ] Mehta PK. Concrete technology at the crossroads—problems and opportunities. ACI SP 1994;144:1–30. link1
[ 5 ] Mehta PK, Burrows RW. Building durable structures in the 21st century. Concr Int 2001;23(3):57–63. link1
[ 6 ] Kwak HG, Ha S, Weiss WJ. Experimental and numerical quantification of plastic settlement in fresh cementitious systems. J Mater Civ Eng 2010;22 (10):951–66. link1
[ 7 ] Liu J, Tian Q, Miao C. Investigation on the plastic shrinkage of cementitious materials under drying conditions: mechanism and theoretical model. Mag Concr Res 2012;64(6):551–61. link1
[ 8 ] Ghourchian S, Wyrzykowski M, Lura P. A poromechanics model for plastic shrinkage of fresh cementitious materials. Cement Concr Res 2018;109:120–32. link1
[ 9 ] Ghourchian S, Wyrzykowski M, Plamondon M, Lura P. On the mechanism of plastic shrinkage cracking in fresh cementitious materials. Cement Concr Res 2019;115:251–63. link1
[10] ASTM C1698-09. Standard test method for autogenous strain of cement paste and mortar. ASTM standards. West Conshohocken: ASTM International; 2019.
[11] Gawin D, Pesavento F, Schrefler BA. Hygro–thermo–chemo–mechanical modelling of concrete at early ages and beyond. Part I: hydration and hygrothermal phenomena, Part II: shrinkage and creep of concrete. Int J Numer Methods Eng 2006;67(3):332–63. link1
[12] Zhu BF. Thermal stresses and temperature control of mass concrete. Beijing: China Electric Power Press; 1999. Chinese. link1
[13] Koenders E, van Breugel K. Modeling moisture transport processes in cement paste systems. In: Proceedings of the fib Symposium; 2014 Apr 26–28; Avignon, France; 2004.
[14] Maruyama I, Lura P. Properties of early-age concrete relevant to cracking in massive concrete. Cement Concr Res 2019;123:105770. link1
[15] Li H, Tian Q, Zhao H, Lu A, Liu J. Temperature sensitivity of MgO expansive agent and its application in temperature crack mitigation in shiplock mass concrete. Constr Build Mater 2018;170:613–8. link1
[16] Tian Q, Li H, Wang W, Liu J, Miao C. Cracking inhibiting for underground sidewall structure based on dual-regulation technology of temperature field and expansion history. In: Proceedings of the fib Symposium; 2015 May 18– 20. Denmark: Copenhagen; 2015. link1
[17] Mo L, Fang J, Huang B, Wang A, Deng M. Combined effects of biochar and MgO expansive additive on the autogenous shrinkage, internal relative humidity and compressive strength of cement pastes. Constr Build Mater 2019;229:116877. link1
[18] Schindler AK. Effect of temperature on hydration of cementitious materials. Mater J 2004;101(1):72–81. link1
[19] Cervera M, Oliver J, Prato T. Thermo–chemo–mechanical model for concrete I: hydration and aging. J Eng Mech 1999;125(9):1018–27. link1
[20] Wyrzykowski M, Lura P. Effect of relative humidity decrease due to selfdesiccation on the hydration kinetics of cement. Cement Concr Res 2016;85:75–81. link1
[21] Bazˇant ZP, Najjar LJ. Nonlinear water diffusion in nonsaturated concrete. Mater Struct 1972;5:3–20. link1
[22] Schindler AK, Folliard KJ. Heat of hydration models for cementitious materials. Mater J 2005;102(1):24–33. link1
[23] Liu JP, Tian Q, Sun W, Miao CW, Tang MS. Study on the self-desiccation effect in early-age concrete and the determination of ‘‘time-zero” of self-desiccation shrinkage. In: Proceedings of the International RILEM Conference on Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation; 2006 Aug 20– 23. Denmark: Lyngby; 2006. link1
[24] Ruiz J, Schindler A, Rasmussen R, Kim P, Chang G. Concrete temperature modeling and strength prediction using maturity concepts. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Concrete Pavements; 2001 Sep 9– 13. USA: Orlando, FL; 2001. link1
[25] Gawin D, Pesavento F, Schrefler BA. Hygro–thermo–chemo–mechanical modelling of concrete at early ages and beyond. Part I: hydration and hygro–thermal phenomena. Int J Numer Methods Eng 2006;67(3):299–331. link1
[26] Hu Z, Hilaire A, Wyrzykowski M, Lura P, Scrivener K. Visco-elastic behavior of blended cement pastes at early ages. Cement Concr Compos 2020;107:103497. link1
[27] Bentz DP, Garboczi EJ, Quenard DA. Modelling drying shrinkage in reconstructed porous materials: application to porous Vycor glass. Model Simul Mater Sci Eng 1998;6(3):211–36. link1
[28] Lura P, Jensen OM, van Breugel K. Autogenous shrinkage in high-performance cement paste: an evaluation of basic mechanisms. Cement Concr Res 2003;33 (2):223–32. link1
[29] Zhang J, Hou D, Han Y. Micromechanical modeling on autogenous and drying shrinkages of concrete. Constr Build Mater 2012;29:230–40. link1
[30] Bella CD, Wyrzykowski M, Lura P. Evaluation of the ultimate drying shrinkage of cement-based mortars with poroelastic models. Mater Struct 2017;50:52. link1
[31] Espinosa RM, Franke L. Influence of the age and drying process on pore structure and sorption isotherms of hardened cement paste. Cement Concr Res 2006;36(10):1969–84. link1
[32] De Schutter G, Taerwe L. Degree of hydration-based description of mechanical properties of early age concrete. Mater Struct 1996;29(6): 335–44. link1
[33] Li H, Liu J, Wang Y, Yao T, Tian Q, Li S. Deformation and cracking modeling for early-age sidewall concrete based on the multi-field coupling mechanism. Constr Build Mater 2015;88:84–93. link1
[34] Bazˇant ZP, Prasannan S. Solidification theory for concrete creep. I: formulation. II: verification and application. J Eng Mech 1989;115(8):1691–725. link1
[35] De Schutter G. Degree of hydration based Kelvin model for the basic creep of early age concrete. Mater Struct 1999;32(4):260–5. link1
[36] Hilaire A, Benboudjema F, Darquennes A, Berthaud Y, Nahas G. Modeling basic creep in concrete at early-age under compressive and tensile loading. Nucl Eng Des 2014;269:222–30. link1
[37] Hohai University, Wuhan University, Dalian University of Technology, Zhengzhou University. Hydraulic reinforced concrete structure. Beijing: China Water & Power Press; 1996. Chinese.
[38] Department of Mathematics, Tongji University. Probability and statistics. Beijing: Posts & Telecom Press; 2017. Chinese.
[39] Zhang H, Wang W, Li L, Liu J. Starch-assisted synthesis and characterization of layered calcium hydroxide particles. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2018;28 (6):2399–406. link1
[40] Zhang H, Li L, Feng P, Wang W, Tian Q, Liu J. Impact of temperature rising inhibitor on hydration kinetics of cement paste and its mechanism. Cement Concr Compos 2018;93:289–300. link1
[41] Yan Y, Ouzia A, Yu C, Liu J, Scrivener KL. Effect of a novel starch-based temperature rise inhibitor on cement hydration and microstructure development. Cement Concr Res 2020;129:105961. link1
[42] Lu A, Li H, Wang Y, Tian Q. Effects of temperature history on expansion properties of CaO- and MgO-bearing expansive agent for concrete. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Innovation in Low-Carbon Cement & Concrete Technology; 2019 Jun 24–26. UK: London; 2019. link1
[43] Rajabipour F, Sant G, Weiss J. Interactions between shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) and cement paste’s pore solution. Cement Concr Res 2008;38(5):606–15. link1
[44] Sant G, Lothenbach B, Juilland P, Le Saout G, Weiss J, Scrivener K. The origin of early age expansions induced in cementitious materials containing shrinkage reducing admixtures. Cement Concr Res 2011;41(3):218–29. link1
[45] Sant G, Rajabipour F, Lura P, Weiss J. Examining time-zero and early age expansion in pastes containing shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRAs). In: Proceedings of the 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Advances in Concrete through Science and Engineering; 2006 Sep 11–13. Canada: Quebec City, QC; 2006. link1
[46] Zuo W, Feng P, Zhong P, Tian Q, Gao N, Wang Y, et al. Effects of novel polymertype shrinkage-reducing admixture on early age autogenous deformation of cement pastes. Cement Concr Res 2017;100(8):413–22. link1
京公网安备 11010502051620号
