[ 1 ] Corliss J B, Dymond J, Gordon L I, et al. Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift [J]. Science, 1979, 203(4385): 1073–1083. link1

[ 2 ] Martin W, Baross J, Kelley D, et al. Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life [J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2008, 6(11): 805–814. link1

[ 3 ] Weiss M C, Sousa F L, Mrnjavac N, et al. The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor [J]. Nature Microbiology, 2016, 1(9): 16116. link1

[ 4 ] Desbruyères D, Segonzac M, Bright M. Handbook of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna second edition [M]. Linz: State Museum of Upper Austria, 2006.

[ 5 ] Miroshnichenko M L. Thermophilic microbial communities of deep-sea hydrothermal vents [J]. Microbiology, 2004, 73(1): 1–13. link1

[ 6 ] Cavanaugh C M, Wirsen C O, Jannasch H. Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1992, 58(12): 3799–3803. link1

[ 7 ] Minic Z, Hervé G. Biochemical and enzymological aspects of the symbiosis between the deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its bacterial endosymbiont [J]. European Journal of Biochemistry, 2004, 271(15): 3093–3102. link1

[ 8 ] Kashefi K, Lovley D R. Extending the upper temperature limit for life [J]. Science, 2003, 301(5635): 934. link1

[ 9 ] Xie W, Wang F, Guo L, et al. Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys with contrasting chemistries [J]. ISME Journal, 2011, 5(3): 414–426. link1

[10] Bourbonnais A, Juniper K, Butterfield D A, et al. Activity and abundance of denitrifying bacteria in the subsurface biosphere of diffuse hydrothermal vents of the Juan de Fuca Ridge [J]. Biogeosciences Discussions, 2012, 9(4): 4177–4223. link1

[11] Wang C S, Yang J Y, Zhang D S, et al. A review on deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities [J]. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science Edition), 2006, 45(2): 141–149. Chinese. link1

[12] Sievert S M, Hügler M, Taylor C D, et al. Sulfur oxidation at deep sea hydrothermal vents [M]. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

[13] Logan G A, Jones A T, Kennard J M, et al. Australian offshore natural hydrocarbon seepage studies, a review and re-evaluation [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2010, 27(1): 26–45. link1

[14] Tryon M D, Brown K M. Complex flow patterns through Hydrate Ridge and their impact on seep biota [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28(14): 2863–2866. link1

[15] Chen Z, Yang H P, Huang Q Y, et al. Characteristics of cold seeps and structures of chemoautosynthesis-based communities in seep sediments [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2007, 26(6): 73–82. Chinese. link1

[16] Sahling H., Rickert D., Lee R.W., et al., Macrofaunal community structure and sulfide flux at gas hydrate deposits from the Cascadia convergent margin[J]. NE Pacific. 2002. 231: 121–138. link1

[17] Zhao M X, Yu K F. A review of recent research on cold-water coral reefs [J]. Tropical Geography, 2016, 36(1): 94–100. Chinese. link1

[18] Zhang J L, Xu K D. Progress and prospects in seamount biodiversity [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2013, 28(11): 1209–1216. Chinese. link1

[19] Genin A, Dayton P K, Lonsdale P F, et al. Corals on seamount peaks provide evidence of current acceleration over deep-sea to pography [J]. Nature, 1986, 322(6074): 59. link1

[20] Samadi S, Bottan L, Macpherson E, et al. Seamount endemism questioned by the geographic distribution and population genetic structure of marine invertebrates [J]. Marine Biology, 2006, 149(6): 1463–1475. link1

[21] de Forges B R, Koslow J A, Poore G. Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the Southwest Pacific [J]. Nature, 2000, 405(6789): 944. link1

[22] Genin A, Dower J F. Seamount plankton dynamics [M]. UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.

[23] Todo Y, Kitazato H, Hashimoto J, et al. Simple foraminifera flourish at the ocean’s deepest point [J]. Science, 2005, 307(5710): 689. link1

[24] Itoh M, Kawamura K, Kitahashi T, et al. Bathymetric patterns of meiofaunal abundance and biomass associated with the Kuril and Ryukyu trenches, western North Pacific Ocean [J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2011, 58(1): 86–97. link1

[25] Fujii T, Kilgallen N M, Rowden A, et al. Deep-sea amphipod community structure across abyssal to hadal depths in the Peru-Chile and Kermadec trenches [J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2013, 492: 125–138. link1

[26] Danovaroa R, Gambia C, Croceb N D. Meiofauna hotspot in the Atacama Trench, eastern South Pacific Ocean [J]. Deep-Sea Research I, 2002, 49: 843–857. link1

[27] Schmidt C, Arbizu P M. Unexpectedly higher metazoan meiofauna abundances in the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench compared to the adjacent abyssal plains [J]. Deep-Sea Research II, 2015, 111: 60–75. link1

[28] Jamieson A J, Lacey N C, Lorz A N, et al. The supergiant amphipod Alicella gigantea (Crustacea: Alicellidae) from hadal depths in the Kermadec Trench, SW Pacific Ocean [J]. Deep-Sea Research II, 2013, 92: 107–113. link1

[29] Wang K, Shen Y, Yang Y, et al. Morphology and genome of a snailfish from the Mariana Trench provide insights into deep-sea adaptation [J]. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2019, 3: 823–833. link1

[30] Devine J A, Baker K D, Haedrich R L. Fisheries: Deep-sea fishes qualify as endangered [J]. Nature, 2006, 439(7072): 29. link1

[31] Koslow J A. The silent deep: The discovery, ecology, and conservation of the deep sea [J]. Oceanography, 2007, 23(1): 228. link1

[32] Clark M R, Vinnichenko V I, Gordon J D, et al. Large-scale distant-water trawl fisheries on seamounts [J]. Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, 2007, 12: 361–399. link1

[33] Watson R, Kitchingman A, Cheung W. Catches from world sea mount fisheries [M]. UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.

[34] Baker K D, Devine J A, Haedrich R L. Deep-sea fishes in Canada’s Atlantic: Population declines and predicted recovery times [J]. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2009, 85(1): 79. link1

[35] UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2018 United Nations list of protected areas. Supplement on protected area management effectiveness [R]. Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC, IUCN, 2018.

[36] Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Kubodera T. Butyltin residues in deep-sea organisms collected from Suruga Bay, Japan [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1997, 31(11): 3103–3109. link1

[37] Van Cauwenberghe L, Vanreusel A, Mees J, et al. Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2013, 182: 495–499. link1

[38] Dasgupta S, Peng X T, Chen S, et al. Toxic anthropogenic pollutants reach the deepest ocean on Earth [J]. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 2018 (7): 22–26. link1

[39] Sarmiento J L, Hughes T M, Stouffer R J, et al. Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming [J]. Nature, 1998, 393(6682): 245. link1

[40] Matear R, Hirst A. Long-term changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the ocean caused by protracted global warming [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2003, 17(4): 1125. link1

[41] Shaffer G, Olsen S M, Pedersen J O P. Long-term ocean oxygen depletion in response to carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels [J]. Nature Geoscience, 2009, 2(2): 105. link1

[42] Whitney F A, Freeland H J, Robert M. Persistently declining oxygen levels in the interior waters of the eastern subarctic Pacific [J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2007, 75(2): 179–199. link1

[43] Wishner K, Levin L, Gowing M, et al. Involvement of the oxygen minimum in benthic zonation on a deep seamount [J]. Nature, 1990, 346(6279): 57. link1

[44] Gibson R, Atkinson R. Oxygen minimum zone benthos: Adaptation and community response to hypoxia [J]. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 2003, 41: 1–45. link1

[45] Stramma L, Schmidtko S, Levin L A, et al. Ocean oxygen minima expansions and their biological impacts [J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2010, 57(4): 587–595. link1

[46] Koslow J A, Auster P, Bergstad O A, et al. Biological communities on seamounts and other submarine features potentially threatened by disturbance [M]. New York: United Nations, 2016. link1

[47] Koslow J A, Goericke R, Lara-Lopez A, et al. Impact of declining intermediate-water oxygen on deepwater fishes in the California Current [J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2011, 436: 207–218. link1

[48] Glover A G, Smith C R. The deep-sea floor ecosystem: Current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025 [J]. Environmental Conservation, 2003, 30(3): 219–241. link1

[49] Clark M R, Rowden A, Schlacher T, et al. The ecology of seamounts: Structure, function, and human impacts [J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2010, 2: 253–278. link1

[50] Leathwick J, Moilanen A, Francis M, et al. Novel methods for the design and evaluation of marine protected areas in offshore waters [J]. Conservation Letters, 2008, 1(2): 91–102. link1

[51] MacArthur R H, Wilson E O. An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography [J]. Evolution, 1963, 17(4): 373–387. link1

[52] MacArthur R H, Wilson E O. The theory of island biogeography [M]. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1967.