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Numerical analysis of aerodynamic noise radiated from cross flow fan

CHEN Anbang, LI Song, HUANG Dongtao

Frontiers in Energy 2008, Volume 2, Issue 4,   Pages 443-447 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0063-9

Abstract: The Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation was employed to predict the noise field caused by these

Keywords： predicted aerodynamic     Williams-Hawkings     calculated pressure     aerodynamic performance     unsteady Reynolds-averaged    

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Strategies to reduce nutrient pollution from manure management in China

WILLIAMS, Yuelai LU, Lin MA, Zhaohai BAI, Yong HOU, Xinping CHEN, Thomas H. MISSELBROOK

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1,   Pages 45-55 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019293

Abstract:

As the demand for livestock products continues to increase in China, so too does the challenge of managing increasing quantities of manure. Urgent action is needed to control point source (housing, storage and processing) and diffuse (field application) pollution and improve the utilization of manure nutrients and organic matter. Here, we review strategies to improve management at each stage of the manure management chain and at different scales. Many strategies require infrastructure investment, e.g., for containment of all manure fractions. Engineering solutions are needed to develop advanced composting systems with lower environmental footprints and design more efficient nutrient stripping technologies. At the field-scale, there is an urgent need to develop a manure nutrient recommendation system that accounts for the range of manure types, cropping systems, soils and climates throughout China. At the regional scale, coordinated planning is necessary to promote recoupling of livestock and cropping systems, and reduce nutrient accumulation in regions with little available landbank, while minimizing the risk of pollution swapping from one region to another. A range of stakeholders are needed to support the step change and innovation required to improve manure management, reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers, and generate new business opportunities.

Keywords： cropping farms     livestock production     manure management chain     recoupling     nutrient loss    

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Microbial mediated arsenic biotransformation in wetlands

Williams, Jinming Luo, Yong-Guan Zhu

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017, Volume 11, Issue 1, doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0893-y

Abstract: Distribution and behavior of arsenic in wetland are summarized. Macro-scale and micro-scale processes in wetland are reviewed. Microbes act as the switch in determining wetland as a source or sink of arsenic. Environmental factors affecting arsenic microbial biotransformation are summarized. Arsenic (As) is a pervasive environmental toxin and carcinogenic metalloid. It ranks at the top of the US priority List of Hazardous Substances and causes worldwide human health problems. Wetlands, including natural and artificial ecosystems (i.e. paddy soils) are highly susceptible to As enrichment; acting not only as repositories for water but a host of other elemental/chemical moieties. While macro-scale processes (physical and geological) supply As to wetlands, it is the micro-scale biogeochemistry that regulates the fluxes of As and other trace elements from the semi-terrestrial to neighboring plant/aquatic/atmospheric compartments. Among these fine-scale events, microbial mediated As biotransformations contribute most to the element’s changing forms, acting as the ‘switch’ in defining a wetland as either a source or sink of As. Much of our understanding of these important microbial catalyzed reactions follows relatively recent scientific discoveries. Here we document some of these key advances, with focuses on the implications that wetlands and their microbial mediated transformation pathways have on the global As cycle, the chemistries of microbial mediated As oxidation, reduction and methylation, and future research priorities areas.

Keywords： Arsenic     Wetland     Microbes     Switch    

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From Green to Sustainability—Trends in the Assessment Methods of Green Buildings

Steve Hsueh-Ming Wang,Paula Williams,Jing Shi,Huojun Yang

Frontiers of Engineering Management 2015, Volume 2, Issue 2,   Pages 114-121 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015018

Abstract: This research investigates recent developments in assessment methods of green buildings and compares the differences in rating systems among the United Kingdom, USA, and Germany. There are indications that the rating systems are moving from green buildings to sustainable buildings. In order to understand the recent research in academic areas, we survey the recent Ph.D. dissertations and literature related to green building assessment. Discussion is provided on the major research areas of green buildings, which cover accountability of life cycle cost, methodology for balancing the three pillars, and government vision and public policy.

Keywords： green     sustainability     buildings     assessment     methods     rating systems    

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Advancements in non-starch polysaccharides research for frozen foods and microencapsulation of probiotics

WILLIAMS, Y. Martin LO,

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2009, Volume 3, Issue 4,   Pages 413-426 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0254-x

Abstract: Conventionally used in the food industry as stabilizing, thickening, gelling, and suspending or dispersing agents, non-starch polysaccharides such as xanthan gum are known to improve the texture of certain frozen products. Another polysaccharide that has received significant attention in recent years is chitosan, a natural biopolymer derived from chitin. In the wake of growing interest in finding ideal encapsulating agents for probiotics, non-starch polysaccharides have been investigated. Scattered research can be found on the effect of each individual polysaccharide, but there remains a void in the literature in terms of closely comparing the characteristics of non-starch polysaccharides for these applications, especially when more than one biopolymer is employed. A good understanding of the tools capable of elucidating the underlying mechanisms involved is essential in ushering further development of their applications. Therefore, it is this review’s intention to focus on the selection criteria of non-starch polysaccharides based on their rheological properties, resistance to harsh conditions, and ability to improve sensory quality. A variety of critical tools is also carefully examined with respect to the attainable information crucial to frozen food and microencapsulation applications.

Keywords： development     literature     attainable information     biopolymer     capable    

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Geoengineering Research Moves from Laboratory to Field News & Highlights

Williams

Engineering 2023, Volume 27, Issue 8,   Pages 3-5 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.06.004

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Advancing Genomic Science Opens Windows to the Past

Williams

Engineering 2023, Volume 26, Issue 7,   Pages 9-11 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.05.003

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Effective Anti-Obesity Drugs Make Losing Weight a Big Deal

Williams

Engineering 2024, Volume 32, Issue 1,   Pages 4-6 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.11.005

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First Pig-to-Live Human Xenotransplant Produces Mixed Results

Williams

Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 9,   Pages 6-8 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.07.006

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CRISPR Narrows Gap between Genetically Altered Foods and Consumers

Williams

Engineering 2023, Volume 20, Issue 1,   Pages 6-8 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.11.002

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A boronic acid-based fluorescent hydrogel for monosaccharide detection

Williams, A. Toby A. Jenkins, Steven D. Bull, John S. Fossey, Tony D. James

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2020, Volume 14, Issue 1,   Pages 112-116 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1812-5

Abstract: A boronic acid-based anthracene fluorescent probe was functionalised with an acrylamide unit to incorporate into a hydrogel system for monosaccharide detection In solution, the fluorescent probe displayed a strong fluorescence turn-on response upon exposure to fructose, and an expected trend in apparent binding constants, as judged by a fluorescence response where D-fructose>D-galactose>D-mannose>D-glucose. The hydrogel incorporating the boronic acid monomer demonstrated the ability to detect monosaccharides by fluorescence with the same overall trend as the monomer in solution with the addition of D-fructose resulting in a 10-fold enhancement (≤0.25 mol/L).
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Funding Bonanza Lifts CO2 Removal Technology to Demonstration Phase

Williams

Engineering 2023, Volume 22, Issue 3,   Pages 7-9 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.01.002

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4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide based fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer (PET) pH sensors as liposomal cellular imaging agents: The effect of substituent patterns on PET directional quenching

Clive Williams, Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2020, Volume 14, Issue 1,   Pages 61-75 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1862-8

Abstract: Four new fluorescent sensors ( - ) based on the 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide fluorophores ( ) have been synthesized based on the classical fluorophore-spacer-receptor model. These four compounds all gave rise to emission bands centred at 535 nm, which were found to be highly pH dependent, the emission being ‘switched on’ in acidic media, while being quenched due to PET from the amino moieties to the excited state of the at more alkaline pH. The luminescent pH dependence for these probes was found to be highly dependent on the substitution on the imide site, as well as the polyamine chain attached to the position 4-amino moiety. In the case of sensor the presence of the 4-amino-aniline dominated the pH dependent quenching. Nevertheless, at higher pH, PET quenching was also found to occur from the polyamine site. Hence, is better described as a receptor -spacer -fluorophore-spacer -receptor system, where the dominant PET process is due to (normally less favourable) ‘directional’ PET quenching from the 4-amino-aniline unit to the site. Similar trends and pH fluorescence dependences were also seen for and . These compounds were also tested for their imaging potential and toxicity against HeLa cells (using DRAQ5 as nuclear stain which does now show pH dependent changes in acidic and neutral pH) and the results demonstrated that these compounds have reduced cellular viability at moderately high concentrations (with IC values between ca. 8‒30 µmol∙L ), but were found to be suitable for intracellular pH determination at 1 µmol∙L concentrations, where no real toxicity was observed. This allowed us to employ these as lysosomal probes at sub-toxic concentrations, where the based emission was found to be pH depended, mirroring that seen in aqueous solution for , with the main fluorescence changes occurring within acidic to neutral pH.

Keywords： sensors     pH     photoinduced electron transfer     cellular imaging     confocal microscopy    

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Biocompatibility Pathways in Tissue-Engineering Templates Perspective

Williams

Engineering 2018, Volume 4, Issue 2,   Pages 286-290 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.03.007

Abstract:

Tissue engineering, which involves the creation of new tissue by the deliberate and controlled stimulation of selected target cells through a systematic combination of molecular and mechanical signals, usually involves the assistance of biomaterials-based structures to deliver these signals and to give shape to the resulting tissue mass. The specifications for these structures, which used to be described as scaffolds but are now more correctly termed templates, have rarely been defined, mainly because this is difficult to do. Primarily, however, these specifications must relate to the need to develop the right microenvironment for the cells to create new tissue and to the need for the interactions between the cells and the template material to be consistent with the demands of the new viable tissues. These features are encompassed by the phenomena that are collectively called biocompatibility. However, the theories and putative mechanisms of conventional biocompatibility (mostly conceived through experiences with implantable medical devices) are inadequate to describe phenomena in tissue-engineering processes. The present author has recently redefined biocompatibility in terms of specific materials- and biology-based pathways; this opinion paper places tissue-engineering biocompatibility mechanisms in the context of these pathways.

Keywords： Biomaterials     Scaffolds     Mechanotransduction     Inflammation     Topography    

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A Floating Island Treatment System for the Removal of Phosphorus from Surface Waters Article

Sindelar,Sam Arden,Amar Persaud,Sherry Brandt-Williams

Engineering 2018, Volume 4, Issue 5,   Pages 597-609 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.08.002

Abstract:

The goal of this project was to design, build, and test a pilot-scale floating modular treatment system for total phosphorus (TP) removal from nutrient-impaired lakes in central Florida, USA. The treatment system consisted of biological and physical–chemical treatment modules. First, investigations of prospective biological and physical–chemical treatment processes in mesocosms and in bench-scale experiments were conducted. Thirteen different mesocosms were constructed with a variety of substrates and combinations of macrophytes and tested for TP and orthophosphate (\(\rm PO_4^{3-}\) ) removal efficiencies and potential areal removal rates. Bench-scale jar tests and column tests of seven types of absorptive media in addition to three commercial resins were conducted in order to test absorptive capacity. Once isolated process testing was complete, a floating island treatment system (FITS) was designed and deployed for eight months in a lake in central Florida. Phosphorus removal efficiencies of the mesocosm systems averaged about 40%–50%, providing an average uptake of 5.0 g·m-2·a-1 across all mesocosms. The best-performing mesocosms were a submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) mesocosm and an algae scrubber (AGS), which removed 20 and 50 mg·m-2·d-1, respectively, for an average removal of 5.5 and 12.0 g·m-2·a-1 for the SAV and AGS systems, Of the absorptive media, the best performance was alum residual (AR), which reduced \(\rm PO_4^{3-}\) concentrations by about 75% after 5 min of contact time. Of the commercial resins tested, the PhosX resin was superior to the others, removing about 40% of phosphorus after 30 min and 60% after 60 min. Under baseline operation conditions during deployment, the FITS exhibited mean \(\rm PO_4^{3-}\) removal efficiencies of 53%; using the 50th and 90th percentile of \(\rm PO_4^{3-}\) removal during deployment, and the footprint of the FITS system, yielded efficiencies for the combined FITS system of 56% and 86%, respectively, and areal phosphorus removal rates between 8.9 and 16.5 g·m-2·a-1.

Keywords： Phosphorus removal     Lake ecosystem     Floating island treatment    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Numerical analysis of aerodynamic noise radiated from cross flow fan

CHEN Anbang, LI Song, HUANG Dongtao

Journal Article

Strategies to reduce nutrient pollution from manure management in China

WILLIAMS, Yuelai LU, Lin MA, Zhaohai BAI, Yong HOU, Xinping CHEN, Thomas H. MISSELBROOK

Journal Article

Microbial mediated arsenic biotransformation in wetlands

Williams, Jinming Luo, Yong-Guan Zhu

Journal Article

From Green to Sustainability—Trends in the Assessment Methods of Green Buildings

Steve Hsueh-Ming Wang,Paula Williams,Jing Shi,Huojun Yang

Journal Article

Advancements in non-starch polysaccharides research for frozen foods and microencapsulation of probiotics

WILLIAMS, Y. Martin LO,

Journal Article

Geoengineering Research Moves from Laboratory to Field

Williams

Journal Article

Advancing Genomic Science Opens Windows to the Past

Williams

Journal Article

Effective Anti-Obesity Drugs Make Losing Weight a Big Deal

Williams

Journal Article

First Pig-to-Live Human Xenotransplant Produces Mixed Results

Williams

Journal Article

CRISPR Narrows Gap between Genetically Altered Foods and Consumers

Williams

Journal Article

A boronic acid-based fluorescent hydrogel for monosaccharide detection

Williams, A. Toby A. Jenkins, Steven D. Bull, John S. Fossey, Tony D. James

Journal Article

Funding Bonanza Lifts CO2 Removal Technology to Demonstration Phase

Williams

Journal Article

4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide based fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer (PET) pH sensors as liposomal cellular imaging agents: The effect of substituent patterns on PET directional quenching

Clive Williams, Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson

Journal Article

Biocompatibility Pathways in Tissue-Engineering Templates

Williams

Journal Article

A Floating Island Treatment System for the Removal of Phosphorus from Surface Waters

Sindelar,Sam Arden,Amar Persaud,Sherry Brandt-Williams

Journal Article