单克隆抗体治疗过敏性疾病的研究现状

陈彦 ,  王炜 ,  袁慧慧 ,  李艳 ,  吕喆 ,  崔烨 ,  刘杰 ,  孙英

工程(英文) ›› 2021, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (11) : 1552 -1556.

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工程(英文) ›› 2021, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (11) : 1552 -1556. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.06.029

单克隆抗体治疗过敏性疾病的研究现状

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Current State of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Allergic Diseases

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摘要

过敏性疾病是常见的慢性疾病之一,由变应原在不同器官上引发变态反应,在临床上以不同器官的疾病为主要表现形式,如哮喘、特应性皮炎、鼻-鼻窦炎等,常累及儿童和成人。由于其在世界范围内的广泛流行和对患者生活质量的影响,采用新型生物疗法治疗过敏性疾病的研究业已成为该领域的热点。已知多种因素可促进或触发Th2 型免疫应答,导致2 型细胞因子和免疫球蛋白E(IgE)的产生并参与过敏性疾病的发生发展,因此,开发针对2 型细胞因子和IgE 的单克隆抗体为治疗过敏性疾病提供了新的策略。此外,一些潜在的靶点,如上皮源性预警素-胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(TSLP)和白介素33(IL-33)业已进入临床研究阶段。这些新的和潜在的靶点极大地提高了变应性疾病的治疗机会。本文阐述了目前已开发的针对细胞因子、细胞因子受体和IgE 的单克隆抗体在过敏性疾病治疗中的作用,并对这些抗体的临床效果进行了讨论和分析。

Abstract

Allergic disease is one of the most common chronic diseases, which can affect both children and adults, be often caused by allergen-induced unfavorable immune responses, and initiate various symptoms in different organs, including up-/low-airways and skin, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and rhinosinusitis. With increasing prevalence of allergic disease worldwide and their impact on the quality of life, new biological therapeutic approaches for these disorders become hot areas of intensive research. Multiple factors are involved and play important role in the pathogenesis of allergic disease, which can promote or trigger T helper 2 (Th2)-type immune responses, leading to production of the type 2 cytokines and immunoglobulin E (IgE),the two critical events in the allergic diseases. Using monoclonal antibodies to target these molecules, therefore, might provide possible benefits for the patients suffered from these diseases. Apart of those having approved biologics for allergic diseases, some potential targets such as epithelial-derived alarmins thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin 33 (IL-33) have been also described and proposed to develop monoclonal antibodies against either these cytokines, their receptors, or both. These new and potential targets have substantially enriched the therapeutic opportunities in the field of allergic diseases. The present review aims to briefly outline the role of monoclonal antibodies targeting the cytokines and immunoglobulin involved in the development of allergic diseases, and to discuss the clinical effects of these antibodies.

关键词

过敏性疾病 / 单克隆抗体 / 抗免疫球蛋白E / 细胞因子 / 临床试验

Key words

Allergic disease / Monoclonal antibody / Anti-IgE / Cytokines / Clinical trials

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
陈彦,王炜,袁慧慧,李艳,吕喆,崔烨,刘杰,孙英. 单克隆抗体治疗过敏性疾病的研究现状[J]. 工程(英文), 2021, 7(11): 1552-1556 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2020.06.029

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1. 引言

过敏性疾病是一种常见的慢性炎症性疾病,其发病率在全球不断上升[1]。目前临床用药虽然可以缓解大多数患者的过敏症状,但仍有一部分患者病情不能得到有效控制。因此,寻求新型有效的生物疗法迫在眉睫。

此类疾病是指暴露于外界环境的皮肤、呼吸道、结膜、胃肠道等不同器官在接受变应原刺激后所引起的过敏性皮炎(AD)、哮喘、鼻窦炎、过敏性结膜炎和食物过敏等一系列变态反应性疾病。虽然这几种疾病靶器官和临床表现不同,但不同疾病常相互伴发,比如,哮喘通常与鼻炎和AD相互伴发。而且,大多数过敏性疾病表现为2型免疫应答和免疫球蛋白E(IgE)的分泌增高[2‒3]。因此,针对2型免疫应答关键分子的生物治疗发展迅速,特别是针对引起免疫应答关键的细胞因子、细胞因子受体和可溶性或膜结合性IgE的人源化单克隆抗体的研发及应用(见表1和附录A中的表S1)。本文将对目前已批准上市和正在临床验证阶段的单克隆抗体及其应用情况进行简要概述。

2. 抗IgE抗体

IgE是人血清中含量最低的免疫球蛋白,但在过敏性疾病患者中,其表达水平通常会升高。当机体再次遇到特定的变应原时,变应原特异性IgE致敏的肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞可以通过脱颗粒招募Th2细胞和释放活性介质,进而导致诸如平滑肌痉挛、血管通透性增加和黏液产生等过敏症状,因此,IgE可作为过敏性疾病治疗的理想靶点[4]。

Omalizumab是2003年由美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准的第一个用于治疗中度/重度持续性过敏性哮喘的治疗性抗体,是一种人源化的抗IgE单克隆抗体[5]。Omalizumab通过竞争来结合血清中的IgE,以此阻断IgE与效应细胞表面高亲和力IgE受体(FcεRI)的结合,从而抑制肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞脱颗粒,释放促炎介质和细胞因子[白细胞介素(IL)-4、IL-5、IL-13等] [6]。临床试验显示,omalizumab不仅可以改善轻/中度哮喘患者的症状,而且对难治性过敏性哮喘患者有效[7]。在给予omalizumab后,不仅可以降低游离IgE水平,还可使炎症细胞中FcεRI表达随之下调。现有研究证明,在被流感病毒感染后,IgE与髓样树突状细胞(DC)表面的FcεRI结合,可以抑制过敏性哮喘患者体内的浆细胞样树突状细胞(pDC)干扰素(IFN)-α的产生[8],而omalizumab可以通过下调DC上FcεRI的表达来减少哮喘加重发作的次数[8]。此外,omalizumab可用于城市儿童、青少年和青壮年因病毒感染所导致的秋季哮喘加重的预防治疗,由此减轻了对控制哮喘的其他药物的需求[9‒10]。

目前研究显示了omalizumab在季节性过敏性鼻炎、慢性荨麻疹[11]和食物过敏[12]等其他过敏性疾病的疗效。此外,omalizumab可以通过降低外周血嗜碱性粒细胞的FcεRI和IgE的表达水平来治疗慢性自发性荨麻疹。值得注意的是,慢性自发性荨麻疹产生的IgE可能是由自身抗原诱导的[13‒14]。

除omalizumab外,其他抗IgE单克隆抗体也进入了临床试验阶段。Ligelizumab(QGE031)可通过结合Cε3结构域作用于循环IgE,其对轻症过敏性哮喘患者的治疗效果优于omalizumab [15]。Quilizumab(MEMP1972A/RG7449)是通过与膜IgE上的M1启动部分结合来降低血清IgE浓度的,具有可靠的安全性。然而,在一项针对变应性哮喘的2期试验中发现[16],quilizumab对哮喘加重的发作频率、肺功能或生活质量没有显著临床影响,而对变应性鼻炎和慢性自发性荨麻疹的疗效仍在测试中[17]。除此以外,MEDI4212单克隆抗体也能与IgE实现高亲和力结合,迅速降低血清的游离IgE水平,但其对过敏性疾病的作用尚不清楚[18]。

众所周知,Th2型细胞因子(IL-4、IL-13、IL-5等)在哮喘、AD、变应性鼻炎等过敏性疾病的发病中起关键作用。因此,采用针对这些细胞因子的单克隆抗体进行干预是治疗过敏性疾病的有益策略。

3. 抗IL-4/IL-13及其受体抗体

IL-4和IL-13是由不同细胞产生的具有多种生物学活性和功能的Th2型细胞因子。其中,IL-4对于IgE的产生和肥大细胞的激活至关重要,而IL-13则在杯状细胞增生、黏液的产生和蠕虫排出等方面发挥重要作用[19]。最近的临床试验表明,靶向IL-4/IL-13可以有效治疗过敏性疾病。

3.1. 抗IL-4/IL-13抗体

阻断IL-4作用的方式有两种,一种可以通过阻断IL-4与其受体IL-4R的结合进行直接干预,另一种可以通过阻断IL-4R来间接阻止IL-4与其受体结合。Pascolizumab是首个针对IL-4开发的人源化单克隆抗体。临床前研究表明,该抗体可降低哮喘相关的Th2细胞活化和IgE产生[20]。虽然,pascolizumab临床1期研究顺利完成,但在后续的临床试验中发现pascolizumab对游离IgE的作用效果欠佳,因此没有进行后续的临床试验。

针对特应性疾病特别是哮喘发病中的关键因素,IL-13的抗体目前也在临床试验中得到验证。Lebrikizumab是一种人源化IgG4单克隆抗体,可特异性中和IL-13并抑制其功能,从而改善难治性哮喘患者的第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)[21]。然而,单独抑制IL-13不足以明显改善未接受吸入性皮质激素(ICS)治疗患者的FEV1 [22]。受阻于其在哮喘患者临床试验中缺乏令人信服的疗效,这种抗体目前不再继续开发。但lebrikizumab在AD患者中展示了良好的应用前景,研究显示在中、重度AD患者的2期临床实验中,给予lebrikizumab(每4周125 mg)联合皮质类固醇(TCS)治疗可以显著改善单独使用TCS控制不良的AD患者的FEV1 [23]。Tralokinumab是抗IL-13的抗体,主要通过阻断IL-13与其受体结合而发挥作用,临床2b期和3期试验显示了其可接受的安全性和耐受性[24-25]。无独有偶,tralokinumab对AD患者同样具有疗效,研究表明,与安慰剂组相比,300 mg tralokinumab治疗可改善AD患者的特应性皮炎严重程度评分(SCORAD)、皮肤病生活质量指数和瘙痒数值评分(7天平均值)。综上所述,靶向IL-13是对AD患者有益的治疗方式[26]。

3.2. 抗IL-4R/IL-13R抗体

虽然IL-4和IL-13发挥效应不同,但均通过与细胞表面受体作用而发挥功能,而它们的受体都包含了IL-4R的α亚基(IL-4Rα)以及信号转导和转录激活因子6(STAT6),据此认为靶向二者共同受体的单克隆抗体会比单独作用于二者之一的细胞因子的效果更好。目前已证实,含有两个靶点突变的IL-4Rα抗体——pitrakinra,可以阻止IL-4和IL-13与其受体的结合。临床1期和2期试验结果显示,采用皮下和吸入两种途径给予pitrakinra可以减轻哮喘患者的气道炎症[27]。有趣的是,一项2期临床试验显示特应性湿疹的症状似乎也因pitrakinra治疗而改善。Dupilumab是与IL-4Rα结合的人源化单克隆抗体,由于IL-13R与IL-4R都含有IL-4Rα,故dupilumab可同时抑制IL-4和IL-13的信号通路。2017年3月,FDA批准该抗体用于治疗成人中度至重度AD [28],尽管临床3期试验显示,dupilumab可降低哮喘控制不良患者或糖皮质激素依赖性重症哮喘患者的哮喘加重的发生率和改善肺功能[29‒30]。最近,dupilumab在变应性鼻炎和伴有鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎等疾病中的研究结果也显示出较好的应用前景[31‒32]。

4. 抗IL-5及其受体抗体

嗜酸性粒细胞增多是过敏性炎症和哮喘的典型特征,它的增殖、分化、成熟、存活和激活依赖于Th2细胞和2型固有淋巴样细胞(ILC2)产生的IL-5。研究表明,哮喘患者中IL-5的表达水平显著升高并与疾病的严重程度密切相关[33]。鉴于嗜酸性粒细胞可以通过表面IL-5受体(IL-5R)结合IL-5发挥其生物学功能,IL-5和IL-5R成为治疗变态反应性疾病的候选靶点。目前,两种抗IL-5的人源化单克隆抗体(mepolizumab和reslizumab)已分别在2015年和2016年被FDA批准用于难以控制的嗜酸性粒细胞性哮喘患者的生物治疗。2017年靶向IL-5Rα的benralizumab也被FDA批准用于哮喘治疗[34]。

Mepolizumab是一种高亲和力的人源化单克隆抗体,可特异性与IL-5结合并阻止其与嗜酸性粒细胞表面的IL-5R结合以阻止IL-5驱动的嗜酸性粒细胞增殖、分化、存活和激活。多项临床试验表明,给予mepolizumab可显著减少外周血和痰中大量嗜酸性粒细胞,从而改善临床症状,减缓疾病加重,说明mepolizumab在重症哮喘患者治疗方面的有效性和安全性[35‒37]。其他研究表明,mepolizumab对嗜酸性粒细胞性鼻息肉病患者[38‒39]、皮肤病过敏患者、慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉[40]患者均有显著疗效,但对AD患者无效[41]。Reslizumab是另一种针对IL-5的阻断抗体,它在减轻哮喘加重和改善肺功能方面显示出与mepolizumab相似的治疗效果,但在体外与人IL-5结合的亲和力明显高于mepolizumab [42‒43]。与上述两种抗体不同,benralizumab(MEDI-563)是通过选择性地结合人IL-5Rα的氨基酸残基来增强抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒作用,以清除嗜酸性粒细胞[44]。临床试验表明,benralizumab治疗可减少嗜酸性粒细胞性哮喘患者的急性加重,显示了与抗IL-5相似的临床效果[45]。

总之,抗IL-5或抗IL-5R治疗可以改善嗜酸性粒细胞相关疾病,特别是嗜酸性粒细胞性哮喘患者的症状。

5. 抗TSLP/IL-33抗体

虽然以上讨论的单克隆抗体治疗对不同表型的过敏性疾病患者有效,但它们并不是治疗难治性过敏性疾病的灵丹妙药,可能的原因是这些生物制剂针对的是过敏性疾病发病机制中炎症级联反应的下游靶点。目前众多的研究报告显示,阻断上游细胞因子,如上皮源性的预警素——胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(TSLP)和IL-33,似乎比目前可用的生物制剂能产生更有效的效应。有趣的是,这些预警素也可以通过诱导ILC2产生Th2型细胞因子来促进IgE的产生。与此同时,抗IgE治疗也可以降低这些预警素分子在特应性哮喘患者气道中的表达水平[46],但具体机制尚不清晰。

5.1. 抗TSLP

TSLP属于IL-7家族,通过与其受体(TSLP-R)结合发挥生物学效应。研究表明,TSLP通过促进DC表达Oxford 40配体(OX40L),参与Th2型免疫应答的启动和发生。已有报道显示TSLP参与了AD、哮喘和慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的发生发展[47‒48]。因此,靶向TSLP是治疗过敏性疾病的一种潜在策略。

Tezepelumab(AMG 157/MEDI9929)是抗TSLP的人源化IgG2单克隆抗体,可阻止TSLP与其受体相互作用。一项概念验证研究显示,给予轻症特应性哮喘患者tezepelumab后,该抗体可通过抑制2型炎症生物标志物发挥效应[49]。此外,一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的临床2期试验也表明,tezepelumab是治疗持续性难治性哮喘最有前景的生物制剂[50]。基于TSLP在AD中的作用,Simpson等[51]针对中重度AD患者开展了一项随机临床2a期试验,不幸的是,与安慰剂联合TCS组相比,给予tezepelumab和TCS联合治疗12周并没有使临床症状得到更有效的控制。很明显,即使tezepelumab在人体内的安全性、药代动力学特性及其在特应性皮炎中的初步临床效应已被Parnes等[52]进行了评估,但对于tezepelumab在AD中的治疗效果还需要额外的临床研究来验证。最近,Venkataramani等[53]研发了靶向TSLP和IL-13的双特异性抗体(zweimab和doppelmab),由于这两种细胞因子的下游信号作用在重症哮喘中具有交叉重叠性,因此有理由认为这种双特异性抗体在未来的哮喘治疗中具有更大的潜在价值。

5.2. 抗IL-33抗体

IL-33是一种组织来源的核预警素,是IL-1细胞因子家族成员,通过其受体ST2激活嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、肥大细胞、巨噬细胞和ILC2,在2型免疫应答中发挥重要作用。IL-33与其受体结合可激活核因子-κB(NF-κB)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK),诱导Th2型细胞因子的表达,加重黏膜组织的病理损伤。已有报道表明在过敏性鼻炎、过敏性哮喘或AD患者的鼻、肺或皮肤上皮组织中观察到IL-33表达水平上调[54‒55]。

考虑到IL-33的多种生物学效应,一些临床试验试图去探索IL-33/ST2轴干扰对这些疾病的影响。目前为止,一系列靶向IL-33(etokimab/ANB020)或IL-33R (ST2)(AMG 282/RG 6149和GSK3772847)的临床试验,已展示了其在哮喘治疗中的广阔应用前景。Etokimab对严重嗜酸性粒细胞性哮喘(NCT03469934)和花生过敏(NCT02920021)的成年患者有一定疗效;与此同时,在AD(NCT03533751)患者和慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者(CRSwNP,NCT03614923)的2期临床试验研究中也对其疗效进行验证。AMG 282的安全性和耐受性已经在哮喘患者临床1期试验(NCT01928368)††和CRSwNP患者(NCT02170337)‡‡的临床试验中进行了评估。此外,GSK3772847已完成了在中重度哮喘患者的临床2a期研究(NCT03207243)†††。这些临床试验表明,抗IL-33或抗ST2抗体可能为特应性变态反应性疾病的治疗提供新的方向。

6. 结论

本文简要阐述了单克隆抗体(抗IgE或抗细胞因子)治疗过敏性疾病的概况。无论是被FDA批准或仍在申请用于临床试验验证的单克隆抗体,已被证明能抑制大多数2型免疫反应的早期或晚期应答发生,并可以改善患者预后。然而,这些临床试验并没有比较不同单克隆抗体治疗同种表型过敏患者的疗效差异,因此,很难客观地评价采用哪种抗体治疗会对哪种疾病或同一疾病的某种分型效果更好。当然,这一结果也很难从临床试验中获得。此外,在重度哮喘治疗中联合应用omalizumab和mepolizumab已被报道,为今后采用抗体的联合治疗(可能优于单个抗体的治疗)提供了新的研究方向[56],也提示将来的研究需要对这些生物制剂进行更多的比较。此外,根据变应性疾病的机制,设计治疗性生物标志物也是今后研究的重点。

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