建筑环境智能监测与反馈系统——发展与应用
耿阳 , 张仲宸 , 余娟 , 陈洪钟 , 周浩 , 林波荣 , 庄惟敏
工程(英文) ›› 2022, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (11) : 218 -231.
建筑环境智能监测与反馈系统——发展与应用
An intelligent IEQ monitoring and feedback system: Development and applications
室内环境质量对人们的健康和福祉有显著影响,环境参数的连续监测与用户反馈已成为建筑业和学术界普遍关注的问题之一。现有关于环境监测系统的研究大多关注于传感器精度与成本效益的提升,而忽略了环境与用户之间的交互作用。为此,本团队开发了一种建筑环境智能监测与反馈系统,即智能建筑环境监测器(IBEM),既解决了室内环境参数的高时空分辨率、大通量、精准监测难题,又实现了环境与用户之间的反馈交互和主客观数据的同步采集。在硬件层面,IBEM集成了温度、相对湿度、PM2.5、CO2及照度多类传感器,并通过结构和电路优化设计减小了传感器之间的相互干扰,其测试精度经过与标准仪器的比对实验得到了有效验证,结果显示IBEM与标准仪器的测量数据基本一致,相关性强、误差小(R2 > 0.97,拟合斜率介于1.01 和1.05 之间)。在软件层面,基于无线通信和云技术建立了Web 端和移动端的可视化平台与用户交互界面,形成了环境数据的信息流及环境数据与用户交互反馈的通路。目前,IBEM已在国内18 个城市的131 栋建筑中得到了广泛应用,测点数量共1188 个,典型应用场景包括了室内环境问题的靶向诊断、主客观环境数据的关联分析等。综上,IBEM为人居环境领域的学术研究和工程实践提供了重要技术支撑。
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) significantly affects human health and wellbeing. Therefore, continuous IEQ monitoring and feedback is of great concern in both the industrial and academic communities. However, most existing studies only focus on developing sensors that cost-effectively promote IEQ measurement while ignoring interactions between the human side and IEQ monitoring. In this study, an intelligent IEQ monitoring and feedback system (IBEM) is developed. Firstly, the IBEM hardware instrument integrates air temperature, relative humidity, CO2, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter no greater than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and illuminance sensors within a small device. The accuracy of this integrated device was tested through a co-location experiment with reference sensors; the device exhibited a strong correlation with the reference sensors, with a slight deviation (R2 > 0.97 and slopes between 1.01 and 1.05). Secondly, a wireless data transmission module, a cloud storage module, and graphical user interfaces (i.e., a web platform and mobile interface) were built to establish a pathway for dataflow and interactive feedback with the occupants of the indoor environments. Thus, the IEQ parameters can be continuously monitored with a high spatiotemporal resolution, interactive feedback can be induced, and synchronous data collection on occupant satisfaction and objective environmental parameters can be realized. IBEM has been widely applied in 131 buildings in 18 cities in China, with 1188 sample locations. Among these applications, we report on the targeted IEQ diagnoses of two individual buildings and the exploration of relationships between subjective and objective IEQ data in detail here. This work demonstrates the great value of IBEM in both industrial and academic research.
室内环境质量 / 传感器 / 连续监测 / 图形用户界面 / 交互反馈
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) / Sensors / Continuous monitoring / Graphical user interface / Interactive feedback
| Parameter | Product number | Sensor supplier | Principle | Range | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temp, RH | SHT30 | Sensirion AG (Switzerland) | Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensing | Temp: -40‒80 °C RH: 0‒99% | Temp: ±0.5 °C RH: ±5% |
| CO2 | S8-0053 | SenseAir (Sweden) | Non-dispersive infrared ray (NDIR) | 0‒5000 parts per million (ppm) | ±75 ppm |
| PM2.5 | PMSA003-A | Plantower (China) | Laser light scattering | 0‒1000 μg·m-3 | ±10% @ 20‒500 μg·m-3 |
| Illuminance | BH1750FVI | ROHM Semi (Japan) | Photovoltaic effect sensing | 0‒50 000 lx | ±5% |
| Parameter | Compliance range | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Temp | 24‒28 °C (summer); 18‒24 °C (winter) | GB 50736-2012 [37] |
| RH | ≤ 70% (summer); no requirement (winter) | GB 50736-2012 [37] |
| CO2 | ≤ 1000 ppm | ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1-2019 [38] |
| PM2.5 | ≤ 35 μg·m-3 | T/ASC02-2016 [33] |
| Illuminance | ≥ 300 lx (office) | GB 50034-2013 [39] |
| A-weighted sound level | ≤ 45 dB (office) | GB 50118-2010 [36] |
| Thermal comfort | Air quality | Lighting | Acoustics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temp | RH | CO2 | PM2.5 | Illuminance | ― |
| 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| Parameter | Reference sensor | Range | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temp, RH | HOBO MX1102 (Onset Computer Corporation, USA) | Temp: 0‒50 °C RH: 1%‒90% | Temp: ± 0.21°C @ 0‒50 °C RH: ±2% @ 20%‒80% |
| CO2 | HOBO MX1102 (Onset Computer Corporation, USA) | 0‒5000 ppm | ±50 ppm |
| PM2.5 | TONGDY G03-PM2.5 (Tongdy Sensing Technology Corporation, China) | 0‒600 μg·m-3 | ±10 μg + 5% of the reading |
| Illuminance | TESTO 545 (Testo SE & Co. KGaA, Germany) | 0‒100 000 lx | Class C according to DIN 5032-7 [42] |
| System | Country | Diversity of sensors | Integration | Extendibility | Data platform | Feedback and interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ali et al. [21] | USA | ≥ 6 | √ | √ | × | × |
| Ali et al. [47] | USA | ≥ 7 | √ | √ | √ | × |
| Karami et al. [19] | USA | 9 | √ | × | × | × |
| Sun et al. [48] | Spain | 12 | √ | √ | × | × |
| Arroyo et al. [49] | Spain | 4 | √ | √ | × | × |
| Perez et al. [20] | Germany | 3 | √ | × | √ | × |
| Parkinson et al. [23‒24] | Australia | 10 | √ | √ | √ | × |
| Moreno-Rangel et al. [50] | UK | 5 | √ | × | √ | × |
| Liu et al. [51] / Dai et al. [52] | China | 4 | × | × | √ | × |
| IBEM | China | 5 | √ | × | √ | √ |
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