利用固有水能原位产电应对水处理过程中的共性挑战

夏前程 ,  方昕蓉 ,  姚家明 ,  杨筱晗 ,  卜永广 ,  张文凯 ,  高冠道

Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (7) : 24 -30.

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Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (7) : 24 -30. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.009
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利用固有水能原位产电应对水处理过程中的共性挑战

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In Situ Conversion of Universal Hydraulic Energy to Electricity to Address Common Challenges in Water Treatment

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摘要

多样化的水处理技术已被广泛应用于水质管理，同时体系中会伴随着大量未被利用的水力能。新兴的水力能-电能转换技术及其原位利用，为解决水处理中的共性挑战提供了一种简便、高效且有现实可行性的全新策略。这一前沿理念在过去十年中引起了广泛关注，并取得了令人振奋的进展。压电效应能够通过机械形变产生电荷，可直接利用水力能实现力-电转换，这不仅弥补了传统水处理技术的缺陷，也为其技术创新开辟了新途径。然而，这种原位水力-电力耦合技术仍处于发展初期，亟须深入探讨其未来演化方向。鉴于此，本文聚焦代表性的膜污染、催化反应以及污泥脱水等技术的典型共性难题，系统阐述了水力压电技术在水处理中的作用机制与应用潜力。同时，文中进一步扩展讨论了其他新兴的水力产电技术，如水伏效应、固-液摩擦电效应以及热能等，为水处理过程中的原位产电及其耦合应用提供更广泛的理论框架与场景展望。

Abstract

Diverse water treatment technologies are widely applied to manage water quality, with ubiquitous hydraulic energy remaining. Emerging hydraulic pressure–electricity conversion, along with its in situ utilization, provides a promising strategy for addressing common challenges in water treatment, which is convenient, efficient, and practical. This innovative concept has garnered extensive interest and has achieved exciting progress over the past decade. Piezoelectricity, which induces charges via mechanical deformation, serves as a direct hydraulic energy harvesting mechanism to achieve force–electricity conversion, opening new avenues for innovating traditional water treatment technology while compensating for its shortcomings. However, such in situ hydraulic–electricity coupling is still in its early evolutionary stage and requires thorough investigation to determine future development directions. With this in mind, we discuss hydraulic piezoelectricity as a means of addressing common challenges in water treatment technologies, with a focus on representative membrane fouling, catalytic reactions, and sludge dewatering. Then, we further explore other emerging hydraulic-based technologies, such as hydrovoltaics, solid–liquid triboelectricity, and other energy methods, such as thermal energy, to expand the paradigm and scenarios of in situ electricity advancements in the water treatment process.

关键词

水处理 / 水能耦合 / 压电效应 / 原位力-电转换

Key words

Water treatment / Hydraulic–energy nexus / Piezoelectricity / In situ force–electricity conversion

引用本文

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夏前程,方昕蓉,姚家明,杨筱晗,卜永广,张文凯,高冠道. 利用固有水能原位产电应对水处理过程中的共性挑战[J]. 工程（英文）, 2025, 50(7): 24-30 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.009

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1 引言

为实现“减污、低碳、生态优”的理念，需要开发新的途径和工艺，以推动水生态环境可持续发展。然而，传统水处理技术在效率、能耗与过程控制方面仍存在诸多不足。当前，电能的引入已被证明是一种有效的提升手段，可在弥补传统水处理技术短板的同时显著优化过程性能[1‒3]。例如，通过电场可调控材料表面荷电状态，实现污染物迁移行为的精细调控，从而达到膜抗污染的效果[4‒7]；电穿孔与电渗脱水机制可作用于微生物细胞，实现杀菌与污泥脱水[8‒11]。此外，通过外加电场还能调控催化剂载流子浓度、费米能级及态密度分布等电子结构参数，从而增强催化反应活性[12‒15]。然而，在水处理工艺中直接施加外部电能面临三大主要挑战：①操作不便和外部设备成本高昂；②实现高电场（如细胞电穿孔所需电场强度达106~107 V·m-1）所需能耗高[11,16]；以及③水溶液体系中因高电压而产生的法拉第副反应[17‒18]。

在水处理过程中，水力能（包括动能与势能）广泛存在于工业搅拌、管道流动、一般水流，以及江河湖泊中的波动等现象中[19‒21]。尽管这类能量具有强度弱、频率低、分散性高等特点，但它们无处不在，且总能量巨大。压电效应是一种典型的力–电转换机制，基于压电材料在机械应变作用下内部电荷或离子发生非对称位移而产生电势，该效应取决于材料的固有极化特性[19‒20]。由于其高机电耦合能力（压电系数d33可达数百pC·N-1）[4,13,22‒23]、高功率密度（数百mC·m-2）[24‒25]以及在宽频率的适用性，压电效应被认为是利用水力压力获取电能从而解决水处理共性挑战的最具潜力的策略之一。表1总结了代表性压电材料（包括无机和有机类别）的基本特性及其基本属性。通常，无机压电材料具有强的压电性能（压电系数d33）和高温耐受性（居里温度），但刚性大、易碎（杨氏模量大）；相比之下，有机压电材料柔韧轻便，但压电性能相对逊色。

与直接施加外部电能相比，将水力能原位转换为电能具有操作简便、无需额外基础设施等优势。值得注意的是，压电材料产生的局域电场可高达107 V·m-1 [12,27]，这足以增强传统水处理过程。此外，压电材料具有高电阻，可有效限制电荷转移，避免因高压导致的法拉第反应。因此，在水处理过程中利用原位水力压电效应是一种安全、高效、环保且适用于复杂工况的策略。应强调的是，这类压电耦合并非是对传统水处理技术的颠覆，而是一种可调、可增强、可集成的性能提升方法。

基于此，本文围绕水压-压电转换的原位利用理念，讨论其应对水处理过程中典型共性挑战的潜力（图1[28]）。基于压电集成系统不同的工作机理，本文重点解析了压电膜、压电增强催化、压电污泥脱水等具有代表性的水处理技术如何通过压电效应得到性能补偿与增强。在既有研究奠定基础的前提下，我们期待未来在实际工程验证以及压电系统与其他新兴水力能技术或能源方式的集成方面取得更加具有突破性的进展，为水处理过程中的原位产电提供更丰富的应用场景与发展路径。

2 水力压电转换及其潜在应用

2.1 自清洁压电膜

基于压力驱动的膜分离技术是水处理过程中应用最广泛的物质分离方法之一[4,29‒30]。尽管它具有选择性渗透和低能耗等多重优势，但膜污染是实际应用中不可避免的关键挑战[31‒32]。通常，污染会降低膜的性能和使用寿命，从而导致能耗和运营成本的增加。传统的静态膜改性技术只能缓解污染过程，无法彻底防止污染；因此，最终膜仍会被污染[30]。此外，动态响应型膜虽然能够在刺激下调控界面特性，但往往依赖外部刺激源（如电、电场、光或热），需要与膜过程高度耦合，这显著提升了系统的复杂性与成本[33]。

将压电材料引入膜体系，并构建压力响应型压电膜，为实现电活性抗污染提供了一种有前景的替代方案。由于水压（>1 bar；1 bar=105 Pa）是膜过滤的内在驱动力，压力脉冲可以自然地转化为压电响应，从而通过压电膜（PiezoMem）实现原位抗污染[4,6,34‒35]，无需额外的能量需求。在机理上，由瞬态水压波动转换的压电电流脉冲和快速电压（界面电场）振荡可以产生丰富的近表面活性氧（ROS）和介电泳力（图2），有助于降解和排斥污染物，而无需额外的化学清洁剂[27]、二次废物处理或进一步的外部刺激。值得注意的是，PiezoMem对多类型污染物均表现出普适的原位抗污染能力，包括有机物、胶体、油滴及微生物等。此外，PiezoMem的研究经验也可拓展用于弱水力能驱动下的膜渗透性提升、截留性能增强及乳化液破乳等领域。已有先导性研究发现，压电极化带来的超亲水性与高表面电位，可在一定程度上提升膜的水通量和截留率[25]。总体而言，将压电耦合至膜技术中是一种“调控提升”的策略，而非对传统膜分离的颠覆。压电膜仍适用于市政/工业废水处理、饮用水处理等多类场景。然而，该概念虽已通过实验验证其可行性，但仍需进一步开展实际工况下的长期稳定性评估。此外，压电转化的底层机理需得到更系统深入的认识，以指导压电膜性能的进一步优化。

2.2 压电调控的催化反应

在多相催化体系中，催化材料的性能本质上取决于其电子结构。因此，通过调节物理场来调控催化剂的电子结构与性质，是实现精准催化调控的重要途径。其中，施加电场是一种简便而高效的调控手段[15,36]。首先，电场可以改变催化剂的载流子浓度、费米能级位置和态密度分布[37‒38]，从而促进电荷转移/分离，优化氧化还原电位，并构建有效的活性/吸附位点[39‒40]。其次，电场可以通过增加键的电离度和电荷转移态来激活反应物分子，并降低其过渡态的能量[41‒42]。最后，根据火山曲线和Sabatier原理，电场还能调控催化剂与反应分子之间的吸附能/吸附强度，进而影响反应的活化能和速率[43‒45]。综上所述，外加电场可显著改变多相催化过程及化学反应，进而调控反应活性、选择性及反应途径。然而，外加电场的副反应（如法拉第反应）及有限的电场强度均限制了该策略的进一步应用[46]。

基于水处理过程中普遍存在的水力能量，构建利用压电效应产生的原位电场以调控催化过程/化学反应是一种极具前景的策略（图3 [28]）。在机械力或应变作用下，压电材料的单位晶胞中的正、负电荷中心发生分离，产生净偶极矩，形成内建电场[47‒48]。这种内建电场可以有效调节分子（如CO、O2、N2和NO）的活化和转化[49]，以及它们在光催化反应（如水分解[50‒51]和Ag+还原为Ag [52]）和电催化反应（如析氧反应[53]、析氢反应[54]和二氧化碳还原反应[55]）中的活性和选择性。此外，可切换的压电场可以捕获带相反电荷的反应物或中间体，导致吸附强度差异[40,52,56]，从而进一步调节反应分子与催化表面之间的吸附/脱附行为[57‒58]。值得注意的是，局部压电场可高达107 V·m-1 [12,27,59]，这可以有效分离/迁移载流子，并促进催化剂中活性位点的再生[47,60‒61]。值得注意的是，压电效应是通过构建原位电场来调控催化反应，而不是作为压电催化剂本身发挥作用。

已有研究工作将这一策略引入水处理领域。在天然水体中，各类有毒有害有机污染物严重威胁生态系统与人类健康。为实现环境保护与可持续发展目标，研究者构建了一种可漂浮的压电-光催化平台，利用自然水波与太阳光驱动压电-光催化反应，实现水体的原位净化[62]。由压电高分子/无机材料与光催化剂耦合形成的漂浮膜，以“纳米藻”或核-壳纳米复合体的形式展现，可在受污染河流中实现优异的自净化能力[62‒64]。其压电-光催化性能可提升约400%，主要得益于压电场促进载流子高效分离、减少复合，同时可操控污染物行为，从而显著增强光催化降解效率[28,65]。此外，在高级氧化水处理过程中，固有的机械能（如来源于超声波、搅拌、摩擦等过程）同样可转化为压电效应用于调控催化反应。例如，压电催化自芬顿体系已成为一种用于废水处理的极具潜力的技术。压电势可提供强大的电化学驱动力，促进水氧化产过氧化氢（H2O2）的反应动力学，并持续驱动Fe3+还原为Fe2+ [66]。同样，对于过一硫酸盐的活化，水力驱动的压电场不仅能促进Fe2+的再生[67]，还能有效分离催化剂的电荷，从而加速活性氧（ROS）的生成，促进催化降解[68]。因此，压电效应可有效引入当前市政/工业废水处理和饮用水处理的催化反应中。此外，将压电场与高价值催化反应（如绿色化学品/燃料原料生产，包括析氢/析氧反应、氧还原制H2O2、二氧化碳还原制化学品/燃料以及氮气还原制氨等）相结合，有望显著提升其效率。要在弱水力能下实现高效催化调控，需要对催化系统中的压电材料和复合结构进行更精细的设计。实际应用仍面临诸多挑战，需要深入研究。

2.3 压电污泥脱水/杀菌

城市污水处理过程中每天都会产生大量污泥副产物，这些污泥中含有大量水分和有害病原体[69‒70]。污泥脱水在减少污泥体积、运输和防止渗滤液污染方面发挥着重要作用。目前的污泥脱水技术主要分为物理法和化学法，但这些方法运行成本高昂，且需要大量能源输入，从而导致严重的二次化学污染[9,71]。在污泥脱水过程中施加外部电场，即所谓的电脱水，被认为可以加速液固分离和灭菌，从而使污泥饼中的含水量降低、病毒减少[10]。然而，电脱水技术受限于外部电场强度、可操作性差以及额外高压设备的高昂成本。因此，探索一种更方便、经济、高效的污泥电脱水技术至关重要。

在脱水过程中，不可避免地会施加机械压力以将水从污泥中挤出。在此背景下，若将压电过程与脱水过程自然耦合，则压电脱水可能成为更经济且更高效的方法（图4）。值得注意的是，污泥中通常含有胞内水和致病菌[9]，因此杀菌是污泥脱水的必要环节。其优势在于：在过滤压力作用下，诱导产生的强压电场（8.1×107 V·m-1）可导致微生物细胞膜电穿孔，随后产生的活性氧（ROS）渗透细胞，释放细胞内水，从而减轻后续污泥处理的环境风险[72‒75]。此外，压电场会破坏污泥结构和微生物组织；因此，现有的有机物质随水流流出[8]。另一个优势在于压电场可引起电渗流和电迁移效应[71,76]，这可能提高污泥的脱水能力，并促进泥水分离。此外，压电材料剩余的压电场与污泥颗粒发生电中和作用，降低污泥的ζ电位，从而提高其脱水性[8]。从实际应用的角度来看，由于压电效应由过滤过程中产生的压力自然驱动，无需额外能量输入，也无需新增设备，因此设备和运行成本基本保持不变。然而，压电污泥脱水技术仍处于起步阶段，操作稳定性、材料可回收性、对不同类型污泥的普适性以及工艺放大等科学与技术问题仍需进一步深入探索。此外，对于高浓度有机污泥（如工业污泥），压电脱水策略仍需更多实证验证。

值得注意的是，压电效应不仅适用于污泥中的压电灭菌，还可扩展到水溶液体系中的灭菌。近期研究表明，压电杀菌在多种微生物之间均表现出普适性的水体消毒能力，其效率约为等量预生成过氧化氢的1000倍，从而大幅减少化学药剂的使用量，并有效降低消毒副产物的生成[27,77]。因此，需要设计更高效的压电材料和灵活的系统，以在弱水能系统下，利用高强度、快速响应的压电场优化力-电转换效率。

3 结论与展望

水处理过程中伴生的水力能通常呈现强度弱、频率低、空间分散等特征，但其普遍存在且总量可观。将水力压力原位转化为电能并利用，具有便捷、高效、实用等显著优势，是解决水处理共性挑战的极具潜力的策略。压电效应在调控水处理技术方面具有潜力，引发了广泛的研究兴趣；并推动了压电膜技术、反应调控催化、污泥压电脱水等前沿方向的突破性进展。此类原位压电耦合不仅能够强化传统水处理工艺，还能有效弥补其固有局限。压电水处理的探索也可拓展至絮凝、沉淀、灭菌、破乳等其他过程。为了进一步推动压电调控在通用水处理技术中的应用，需要阐明基本的物理化学传导机制，包括材料在微观尺度下的电荷状态、载流子迁移行为等。此外，压电材料在水环境中长期运行过程可能出现的退极化、疲劳和溶解损失等失效风险，是推进此类压电耦合技术的主要挑战。在压电技术不断成熟的同时，多种基于水力能的新兴能量转化技术也展现出提升水处理能力的潜力。例如，水伏效应的发展显著拓宽了水力能中机械能与潜能的利用途径，使得利用水波/水流、雨滴、自然蒸发与湿气等收集电能成为可能[78‒82]。此外，环境中普遍存在的固液接触过程已被证明可以产生所谓的固-液摩擦起电[21,83‒85]。这些新的能量转换原理在水处理领域中展现出巨大潜力，但尚处于起步阶段，需要像压电效应一样进行深入研究，以实现其原位利用。除了水力动能之外，可利用的热能等多种能源也具有应用价值，可为先进水处理技术提供更多创新场景。例如，工业余热可原位用于管道防腐、膜蒸馏等过程。

利用水处理工艺中固有的能量原位产电，不仅是一种经过验证的可持续理念，也具有实际应用潜力。原位电耦合并非是对传统水处理技术的革命性颠覆，而是一种调控与提升策略，展示了发展低碳、高效、先进水处理技术的可行性。随着这一技术在基础层面上的突破，以及与其他水力能技术或能源形式的融合研究不断深入，其将为解决水处理共性问题提供更强大的手段，推动领域可持续发展。

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