Self-Sensing Steel–FRP Composite Bars for Crack Monitoring and Mechanical Behavior Evaluation in Reinforced Concrete Members

Yingwu Zhou , Zenghui Ye , Feng Xing , Zhongfeng Zhu , Xiaoxu Huang

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Engineering ›› DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.03.001

Self-Sensing Steel–FRP Composite Bars for Crack Monitoring and Mechanical Behavior Evaluation in Reinforced Concrete Members

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Abstract

Distributed fiber-optic sensors (DFOS), which are based on optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR), provide high-resolution strain measurements and have promising application in structural health monitoring. This study introduces a novel steel fibe-reinforced polymer composite bar (SFCB) with self-sensing, structural reinforcement, and damage control features designed to evaluate the response and damage status of concrete members. Investigating the force transfer mechanism between SFCB and concrete is essential for understanding concrete cracking behavior and establishing a reliable damage evaluation approach. Initially, tension tests were conducted on SFCB concrete members to investigate the effects of cover depth and bonding mechanism (concrete type and surface treatment of the SFCB) on the end effects, along with a test procedure designed to effectively eliminate the end effects. The results indicate that the use of members with small cover depths, surface sandblasted SFCB, and geopolymer concrete (GPC) can reduce the impact of the end effects. The tracking and quantification of particular crack progressions were subsequently assessed through the integration of a digital image correlation (DIC) system and a DFOS system. Finally, based on the results from which the influence of end effects has been eliminated, a theoretical model for the response of SFCB concrete tension members was proposed, along with a model for damage variables that is independent of geometry and material behaviors.

Keywords

Self-sensing / Steel-FRP composite bars / Distributed fiber-optic sensors / Tensile test / End effect

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Yingwu Zhou, Zenghui Ye, Feng Xing, Zhongfeng Zhu, Xiaoxu Huang. Self-Sensing Steel–FRP Composite Bars for Crack Monitoring and Mechanical Behavior Evaluation in Reinforced Concrete Members. Engineering DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2025.03.001

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CRediT authorship contribution statement

Yingwu Zhou: Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Zenghui Ye: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Validation, Formal analysis. Feng Xing: Visualization, Supervision, Investigation. Zhongfeng Zhu: Writing – review & editing, Methodology. Xiaoxu Huang: Visualization, Investigation.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (52325804); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Guangdong Province (U2001226); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52108230); the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2022B1515120007); and the Shenzhen Basic Research Project (JCYJ20210324095003010).

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