Doll S. NIO and CATL form new partnership to build the world’s largest battery swap network [Internet]. Fremont: Electrek; 2025 Mar 18 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://electrek.co/2025/03/18/nio-and-catl-form-newpartnership-to-build-the-worlds-largest-battery-swap-network/

China’s CATL, Sinopec plan to build 10,000 battery swap stations [Internet]. London: Reuters; 2025 Apr 1 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/chinas-catl-sinopec-planbuild-10000-battery-swap-stations-2025-04-02/

Juurikas J. Global EV sales report 2024 [Internet]. Emmitsburg: EV Wire; 2025 Mar 31 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.evuniverse.io/p/evsales2024

Palmer C. Electric car market poised to accelerate. Engineering 2021; 7 (2):136-8.

Palmer C. Lagging charging infrastructure threatens to roadblock electric vehicle future. Engineering 2023; 25:3-5.

Hubbard CJ. Forget range anxiety:our updated top 10 longest-range electric cars all cover over 400 miles per charge [Internet]. London: Car Magazine; [updated 2025 Apr 1; cited2025 May 4]. Available from: https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/electric/longest-range-electric-cars-ev/

Ayapana E. The 10 fastest-charging EVs we tested in 2023 [Internet]. El Segundo: Motor Trend; 2023 Dec 25 [cited 2025 May 4]. Available from: https://www.motortrend.com/features/fastest-charging-evs#google_vignette

Weiss CC. Polestar prototype to integrate extreme 5-minute fast-charging battery [Internet]. San Jose: New Atlas; 2023 Nov 9 [cited 2025 May 4]. Available from: https://newatlas.com/automotive/polestar-5-minute-chargeprototype/

Ridden P. Student team breaks the 4-minute barrier for EV fast-charging [Internet]. San Jose: New Atlas; 2023 Jul 13 [cited 2025 May 4]. Available from: https://newatlas.com/automotive/inmotion-student-team-sub-4-minute-evfast-charging/

Weiss CC. 007EV rolling out to dealers with 10-minute ultra-fast charging [Internet]. San Jose: New Atlas; 2024 Aug 14 [cited 2025 May 4]. Available from: https://newatlas.com/automotive/007-ev-10-minute-ultra-fastcharging/

Jolly J. Chinese EV maker BYD says fast-charging system could be as quick as filling up a tank [Internet]. London: The Guardian; 2025 Mar 18 [cited 2025 May 4]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/mar/18/byd-ev-fast-charging-system-petrol-fuel-speed

Peplow M. Electric vehicle market slowly edges toward solid-state batteries. Engineering 2025; 45:3-5.

Strickland J. Why did better place fail and Tesla succeed? [Internet]. San Francisco: Medium; 2019 Aug 28 [cited 2025 May 15]. Available from: https://medium.com/swlh/why-did-better-place-fail-and-teslasucceed-711be0a40ba5

The rebirth of EV battery-swapping services and why their time is now [Internet]. Jersey City: Forbes; 2024 Apr 15 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lbsbusinessstrategyreview/2024/04/15/the-rebirth-of-ev-battery-swapping-services-and-why-their-time-is-now/

Lambert F. Tesla is expanding the scope of invites to its battery swap pilot program, it costs $80 per swap [Internet]. Fremont: Electrek; 2015 Jun 4 [cited 2025 May 16]. Available from: https://electrek.co/2015/06/04/tesla-isexpanding-the-scope-of-invites-to-their-battery-swap-program/

Sorokanich B. Elon Musk says Tesla may be giving up on battery swapping stations [Internet]. New York City: Popular Mechanics; 2015 Jun 10 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/hybrid-electric/a15962/elon-musk-tesla-battery-swap/

Williams K. I tried an EV battery swap station. It may just be the future [Internet]. New York City: Inside EVs; 2024 Dec 9 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://insideevs.com/features/743263/battery-swappingnio-ev-china/

Doll S. NIO and Shell open first EV battery swap station in Europe [Internet]. Fremont: Electrek; 2023 May 16 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://electrek.co/2023/05/16/nio-and-shell-open-first-ev-battery-swapstation-in-europe/

Charlton A. Volvo and Polestar parent Geely partners with NIO on battery-swap tech [Internet]. Jersey City: Forbes; 2023 Nov 30 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/alistaircharlton/2023/11/30/volvo-and-polestar-parent-geely-partners-with-nio-on-battery-swap-tech/?sh=7deb7b373ba8

Zhang P. NIO confirms battery swap tie-ups with JAC, Chery [Internet]. Shanghai: CN EV Post; 2024 Jan 11 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://cnevpost.com/2024/01/11/nio-confirms-battery-swap-tie-ups-jac-chery/

Doll S. CATL confirms entry into battery swap market ahead of a brand launch event in China [Internet]. Fremont: Electrek; 2022 Jan 17 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://electrek.co/2022/01/17/catl-confirms-entry-into-battery-swap-market-ahead-of-a-brand-launch-event-in-china/

Jiang B. Electric car battery giant CATL teams up with Didi to share swapping tech for ride-hailing fleet in new joint venture [Internet]. Beijing: South China Morning Post; 2024 Jan 28 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3250059/electric-car-battery-giant-catl-teams-didi-share-swapping-tech-ride-hailing-fleet-new-joint-venture

Casey T. It’s official: 10,000 new EV battery swapping stations for CATL & Sinopec [Internet]. El Cerrito: Cleantechnica; 2025 Apr 7 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://cleantechnica.com/2025/04/07/its-official-10000-new-ev-battery-swapping-stations-for-catl-sinopec/

Global EV battery swapping market to surge at 25.5% CAGR from 2024 to 2029 [Internet]. Los Angeles: Globe Newswire; 2025 Apr 18 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/04/18/3064248/0/en/Global-EV-Battery-Swapping-Market-to-Surge-at-25-5-CAGR-from-2024-to-2029.html

Valdes-Dapena P. Tesla failed at battery swapping. Stellantis says it may have the secret [Internet]. Atlanta: CNN; 2023 Dec 8 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/08/business/tesla-battery-swapping-stellantis/index.html

Kolodny L. Ample is trying to make battery swapping for EVs a reality, starting with Uber drivers in the Bay Area [Internet]. Englewood Cliffs: CNBC; 2021 Mar 3 [cited 2025 May 15]. Available from: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/03/ample-opens-5-ev-battery-swapping-stations-for-bay-area-uber-drivers. html

Hawkins AJ. Stellantis makes a big bet on EV battery swapping in new deal with Ample [Internet]. New York City: The Verge; 2023 Dec 7 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/7/23991923/stellantis-ample-ev-battery-swap-deal-fiat-500e-spain

Lyon P. EV battery swapping tie-up between Ample and Mitsubishi is a game-changer [Internet]. Jersey City: Forbes; 2025 Mar 26 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterlyon/2025/03/26/ev-battery-swapping-tie-up-between-ample-and-mitsubishi-to-start-in-japan/

Yarlagadda K. 2024 climate tech companies to watch: Gogoro and its battery-swapping network for electric scooters [Internet]. Cambridge: MIT Technology Review; 2024 Oct 1 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/10/01/1104369/2024-climate-tech-companies-gogoro-battery-swapping-network-electric-scooters/

Booth V. Three automakers join forces to revolutionize the electric vehicle industry: "Brings together the expertise required" [Internet]. Bend: The Cool Down; 2025 Apr 19 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.thecooldown.com/green-business/india-electric-vehicle-innovative-battery-swapping-system/

U Power Limited and ELMO joint venture pioneer rapid battery-swapping solutions for Portugal’s taxi sector [Internet]. Amsterdam: Batteries News; 2025 Apr 17 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://batteriesnews.com/u-power-limited-and-elmo-joint-venture-pioneer-rapid-battery-swapping-solutions-for-portugals-taxi-sector/