畜禽种质资源是农业可持续发展、粮食安全和生物多样性保护的重要战略基础，其安全状况关系到畜牧产业发展和国家种业安全。为系统认识我国畜禽种质资源保护现状与问题，并提升资源保护能力，亟需在全球视角下开展深入比较分析。本文基于国内外数据库与政策文献，结合第三次全国畜禽遗传资源普查成果，系统梳理我国畜禽种质资源在经济、育种、文化、生态、医学和社会等方面的多重价值，并从品种多样性、濒危状况、原位活体与异位离体保护现状等方面对比分析国内外保护体系，揭示国际畜禽种质资源保护发展趋势。研究发现，我国畜禽种质虽资源丰富、体系初具规模，但在多样性监测、保护覆盖度和技术支撑等方面与国际先进水平仍存在差距。在此基础上提出了我国未来保护工作建议：加快构建种群动态监测与评估信息系统，健全原位活体与异位离体保护体系，强化冷冻保存等关键技术研发，进一步提高保护覆盖率和资源利用效率。本研究为理解国内外畜禽资源保护趋势、推动我国保护体系高质量构建与运行提供理论支撑和政策参考。

Livestock germplasm resources are a strategic foundation for sustainable agricultural development, food security, and biodiversity conservation. Their security status directly influences the development of the livestock industry and the safety of the national seed sector. To systematically assess the current status and challenges of livestock germplasm conservation in China, as well as to enhance China's conservation capacities, an in-depth comparative analysis from a global perspective is urgently needed. Based on domestic and international databases and policy documents, and drawing on the results of the third national census of livestock germplasm resources, this study reviews the multiple values of China's livestock germplasm resources across economic, breeding, cultural, ecological, medical, and social dimensions. It compares conservation systems in China and other countries in terms of breed diversity, endangered status, and the current state of in situ and ex situin vivo conservation, unveiling global trends in livestock germplasm resources conservation. The results indicate that although China possesses abundant livestock germplasm resources and a conservation system of an initial scale, significant gaps remain in diversity monitoring, conservation coverage, and technical support compared with advanced international standards. Based on these findings, the study proposes recommendations for future conservation efforts in China. These include developing a population dynamics monitoring and evaluation system, improving the in situ and ex situin vivo conservation framework, and strengthening the development of critical technologies such as cryopreservation, thus to enhance the conservation coverage and resource utilization efficiency. This study provides theoretical support and policy guidance for understanding global trends in livestock resource conservation and advancing the high-quality construction and operation of China's conservation system.