果树在农业生产中占有举足轻重的地位，是践行大食物观的重要组成部分，而种质资源是果树育种的物质基础、农业生产的源头，也是发展现代农业、保障国家粮食安全的根本；在国家实施“种业振兴行动”的大背景下，系统梳理果树种质资源研究现状并前瞻未来发展方向，对实现种业科技自立自强、种源自主可控具有重要意义。本文总结了我国在果树种质资源收集、保存、评价及利用等方面取得的重要进展，分析了存在的主要问题并展望了发展方向。研究发现，近年来，我国果树种质资源研究取得长足进展，但与发达国家相比，在种质资源收集、资源创新利用、信息平台建设、资源共享、资源脱毒等方面仍有较大差距。为此建议，加强国内外种质资源收集工作，重视种质资源精准鉴定、优异基因发掘及种质创新等系统性工作，建设国家种质资源信息平台、完善种质资源共享机制，加快无病毒种质资源库建设并重视保存和共享，更好支撑果树产业高质量发展。

The fruit crop industry plays an important role in agricultural production and rural development in China. Germplasm is the basis both for the industry and for breeding. In the context of seed industry revitalization, it is of great significance to systematically assess the current progress in fruit crop germplasm and look forward to its future development, thus to help realize the goal of self-reliance and self-control of seed sources in the seed industry. This study summarizes the significant progress made in fruit crop germplasm research in China from the aspects of collection, preservation, evaluation, and utilization, analyzes the main problems, and looks forward to future development directions. A great progress has been achieved, but compared with developed countries, there still exists a considerable gap in the areas of collection, innovative utilization, information database construction, germplasm sharing, and virus-free germplasm preservation. In this regard, it is recommended to strengthen the collection of fruit crop germplasm both domestically and internationally; prioritize systematic efforts in precise germplasm identification, discovery of superior genes, and germplasm innovation; build a national information platform for germplasm; improve the mechanism of germplasm sharing; accelerate the development of virus-free germplasm resource centers; and prioritize their preservation and sharing. These measures will better support the high-quality development of China’s fruit crop industry.