农业微生物种质资源涉及农业生产的各个环节，是保障粮食安全、推动科技创新、促进农业高质量发展的重要基础，明确利用现状、查找发展问题、认清相对差距、厘清发展方向成为亟需。本文从农业微生物种质资源保护利用体系、农业科技创新、资源开发利用成效等方面出发，系统梳理了国际和国内农业微生物种质资源保护利用的现状；在对比分析国际发展趋势的基础上认为，我国农业微生物资源在资源储备、保藏设施、开发利用、产业支撑等方面处于快速发展阶段，但相较国际资源强国而言面临设施条件落后、家底不清、精准鉴定评价滞后、核心种源不足等挑战。为此建议，强化顶层设计、全面布局全国农业微生物种质保护利用工作，加强基础设施、谋划资源保藏能力整体提升工程，重视原始创新、构建农业微生物资源挖掘协同攻关模式，面向需求牵引、重点支持农业微生物产业发展，以精准推动我国农业微生物种质资源保护利用，实现农业高质量发展。

Agricultural microbial germplasm resources are involved in all aspects of agricultural production and are crucial for ensuring food security, facilitating scientific and technological innovation, and promoting high-quality development of agriculture. Therefore, it is urgently needed to clarify the current status of the protection and utilization, identify existing problems and deficiencies, recognize the gap with resource-powerful countries, and clarify the key development directions of agricultural microbial germplasm resources in China. This study reviews the current situation of protection and utilization of agricultural microbial germplasm resources in China and abroad from the aspects of the protection and utilization system, agricultural scientific and technological innovation, and effectiveness of development and utilization. By comparing and analyzing international development trends, we reveal that China's agricultural microbial resources are currently in a stage of rapid development in terms of resource reserves, preservation facilities, utilization, and industrial support. However, compared with resource-powerful countries, China still faces significant challenges including poor infrastructure conditions, unclear inventory of resources, lagging precise identification and evaluation, and insufficient core germplasm. To address this, it is proposed to strengthen top-level design to make overall arrangement for the protection and utilization of agricultural microbial germplasm, enhance infrastructure construction by planning a project for improving resource preservation capacities, emphasize original innovation to establish a collaborative research model for the exploration of agricultural microbial resources, focus on demand-driven efforts to provide key support for the development of the agricultural microbial industry. These efforts aim to promote the protection and utilization of agricultural microbial germplasm resources in China and achieve high-quality agricultural development.