淡水水产种质资源作为水产种质资源的重要组成部分，在构建大食物观、保障粮食安全和优质蛋白质有效供给等方面具有重要作用；经济社会发展和人类活动加剧对淡水水产种质资源构成威胁，相应的保护利用及安全性受到广泛关注。本文从自然种质资源、养殖种质资源两方面梳理了我国淡水水产种质资源现状，从保护体系、保护措施、保护效果三方面明晰了我国淡水水产种质资源保护现状。研究认为，我国淡水水产种质资源保护体系有待优化、保存评价技术体系不够完备、多样性保护重视不够、法律体系有待完善，可在加强水产种质资源的保存、鉴定和发掘，加快淡水水产种业科技创新与应用，强化水产种质资源的多元化保护措施，完善水产种质资源保护法律体系等方面采取应对措施，提高淡水水产种质资源保护和利用水平，促进水产养殖业高质量发展。

As an important component of aquatic germplasm resources, freshwater aquatic germplasm resources play a crucial role in building an all-encompassing approach to food, ensuring food security, and guaranteeing the effective supply of high-quality proteins. Socio-economic development and intensified human activities pose threats to freshwater aquatic germplasm resources, and the conservation, utilization, and security of these resources have attracted widespread attention. This study reviews the current status of China’s freshwater aquatic germplasm resources from the perspectives of natural and cultured germplasm resources, and clarifies the conservation situation of these resources from three aspects: conservation system, conservation measures, and conservation effectiveness. The study indicates that China's conservation system of these resources needs optimization, the preservation and evaluation technology system is yet incomplete, biodiversity conservation is insufficiently emphasized, and the legal framework needs improvement. Furthermore, the following measures are proposed: (1) strengthening the preservation, identification, and exploration of aquatic germplasm resources; (2) accelerating technological innovation and application in freshwater aquaculture; (3) enhancing diversified conservation measures for aquatic germplasm resources; and (4) improving the legal system for the conservation of aquatic germplasm resources. These measures can effectively improve the conservation and utilization of freshwater aquatic germplasm resources and promote the high-quality development of aquaculture.