The technological revolution under geopolitics has intensified the risks of China’s scientific and technological security. Building a risk monitoring and early warning system in the field of scientific and technological security is of great significance for maintaining scientific and technological security and even national security. In the face of intensified game risks, autonomous loss of control risks, technology mismatch risks, and stable development risks in the field of science and technology in China, decoding the internal logic of the operation of the risk monitoring and early warning system in the field of science and technology security, empowering the construction of the risk monitoring and early warning system through technological means, and proposing guarantee strategies. Research suggests that the monitoring and early warning of technological security risks should be based on six logical prerequisites: institutional support, cross domain cooperation, information sharing, intellectual participation, industrial governance, and technological empowerment; From the perspective of systems theory, a risk monitoring and early warning system in the field of science and technology security is constructed by establishing an indicator system, clarifying the monitoring and early warning process, and building a modular model; To ensure the effective implementation of the monitoring and early warning system, the country needs to improve relevant regulations and implement industry standards, expand the integration of new technologies, improve emergency response mechanisms and collaborative mechanisms, establish monitoring and early warning guidance institutions, strengthen talent cultivation and team building, and promote the integrated development of scientific and technological innovation and technological security to ensure the high-quality operation of the monitoring and early warning system.