2016年 第2卷 第3期
《工程（英文）》 >> 2016年 第2卷 第3期 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.03.004
水电在减缓和适应气候变化中的作用
a International Commission on Large Dams, Paris 75116, France
b The Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona, Barcelona 08002, Spain
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摘要
水电是一种清洁、可再生，且对环境友好的能源。全球每年的水力发电量达到3930 TW·h，占全球总发电量的16 %，同时占可再生能源发电量的78 % (2015年)。水电和气候变化具有双重的关系。一方面，水电作为一种重要的可再生能源，对于避免温室气体排放和减缓全球变暖贡献显著；另一方面，气候变化会改变河道流量，进而影响水资源可用量和水力发电。水电对于减少温室气体排放和保障能源供应至关重要。与常规燃煤电厂相比，水电每年可避免3×109 t CO2 的排放，占全球年CO2 排放量的9 %。除了对电力行业的贡献，水电项目还可作为多功能水库的融资工具，以及水资源应对气候变化影响的一项适应性措施，这是因为水库的蓄水可作为气候变化的缓冲器，有大水库调节的流域更能适应水资源变化，而不容易受到气候变化的影响。从全球层面来看，预期气候变化对现有全球水力发电的整体影响较小，甚至可能产生一些积极影响。然而，世界不同地区甚至各个国家内部可能存在巨大差异。总之，对水电的解读为：水电是一种廉价、成熟的技术，对减缓气候变化有重大贡献，且可以在水资源适应气候变化中发挥重要作用。有必要关注并减轻巨大的环境压力和社会成本，预计未来几十年内可新增水电装机容量1 000 GW。
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