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《工程(英文)》 >> 2023年 第26卷 第7期 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.04.011

中法关于核能与环境的联合研究

a Chinese Academy of Engineering, Beijing 100088, China
b CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, Paris 75006, France
c National Academy of Technologies, Paris 75008, France
d Académie des sciences, Paris 75006, France

收稿日期: 2021-11-01 修回日期: 2023-02-14 录用日期: 2023-04-04 发布日期: 2023-06-01

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摘要

本文聚焦核能的环境影响,将阐述与核能发电相关的四个主要环境问题:①控制正常运行条件下核设施的放射性释放,评估其非放射性环境影响(取水与非放射性水的排放等);②乏燃料与放射性废物的长期管理,特别是将在地质处置库处理的乏燃料与放射性废物;③防止和缓解严重核事故及其放射性释放;④改善核安全水平,以限制核能的环境影响,提升公众对核能的接受度。核能的温室气体排放水平非常低,可以提供大规模、随需应变的可调度电力,在气候变化的背景下,核能在此方面具有独特的优势。在正常运行工况下,核电站对周围公众的年有效剂量影响可以忽略不计。人们已经做出了相当大的努力,以确保可持续地管理高放射性长寿命废物,并使其在地质结构中得到最终处置。从严重核事故中获得的经验促成了许多方面的重要的安全改进,其中包括反应堆的设计、运行管理方面的改善,以及事故管理指南的制定等。事实证明,这些是相当有价值的。严重事故的环境风险已经被大幅降低,确保即使发生事故,也可以最大程度地减少放射性物质的释放,并避免大规模的人员疏散。还需要继续采取措施,改善反应堆的安全性,提升核工业与核监管机构的透明度,以进一步降低核能的环境影响。

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