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北京奥运催生我国第一条高速铁路

沈志云

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第8期页码 4-11

摘要：

论述了北京奥运会催生我国第一条高速铁路的重大意义。介绍了轨道交通的优势和高速铁路关键技术。京津城际高速铁路的建成标志着我国高速铁路时代已经到来。今后5年的京沪高速铁路建设是一场占领世界高速铁路技术高地的攻坚战。在今后10～15年中，我们要建成总长达18 000　km的高速铁路网。

关键词：北京奥运京津城际轨道交通京沪高速铁路

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2008年北京奥运场馆安全防灾规划设计问题研究——兼议开展公众“奥运安全文化”普及教育的建议

金磊

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第1期页码 15-23

摘要：

北京市政府承诺2008年北京奥运会要“举办成为一届历史上最出色的奥运会”。文章据此就北京奥运场馆规划设计的可持续发展要素中的安全问题，论证了安全减灾是实现“最出色奥运会”的重要保障条件，并从城市防灾的多侧面研究了安全奥运观指导下的规划设计管理思路。

关键词： 2008年北京奥运安全奥运安全防灾规划应急管理与立法安全文化

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Mass concentrations and temporal profiles of PM

Liu YANG,Ye WU,Jiaqi LI,Shaojie SONG,Xuan ZHENG,Jiming HAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第4期页码 675-684 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0731-4

摘要： Mass concentrations of PM , PM and PM were measured near major roads in Beijing during six periods: summer and winter of 2001, winter of 2007, and periods before, during and after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Since the control efforts for motor vehicles helped offset the increase of emissions from the rapid growth of vehicles, the averaged PM concentrations at roadsides during the sampling period between 2001 and 2008 fluctuated over a relatively small range. With the implementation of temporary traffic control measures during the Olympics, a clear “V” shaped curve showing the concentrations of particulate matter and other gaseous air pollutants at roadsides over time was identified. The average concentrations of PM , PM , CO and NO decreased by 31.2%, 46.3%, 32.3% and 35.4%, respectively, from June to August; this was followed by a rebound of all air pollutants in December 2008. Daily PM concentrations near major roads exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Grade II) for 61.2% of the days in the non-Olympic periods, while only for 12.5% during the Olympics. The mean ratio of PM /PM near major roads remained relatively stable at 0.55 (±0.108) on non-Olympic days. The ratio decreased to 0.48 (±0.099) during the Olympics due to a greater decline in fine particles than in coarse-mode PM. The ratios PM /PM fluctuated over a wide range and were statistically different from each other during the sampling periods. The average ratios of PM /PM on non-Olympic days were 0.71.

关键词： particulate matter traffic control measure Beijing Olympic Games

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Estimating the effects of meteorology on PM

Liu YANG, Ye WU, Jerry M. DAVIS, Jiming HAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 331-341 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0307-5

摘要： Particulate pollution was a critical challenge to the promise of good air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, which took place from August 8th to 24th. To ensure good air quality for the Games, several temporary emission control measures were implemented in Beijing and surrounding areas. Ambient particulate matter concentration decreased significantly during the Olympic period; however, it is difficult to distinguish the effectiveness of those control measures since meteorology also affects ambient PM concentration. In this work, a multiple linear regression model based on continuous field monitoring at a roadside site was conducted to evaluate the effects of meteorology and emission control measures on the reduction of PM during the 2008 Olympic Games. The hourly data set was divided into two time periods, the no control period, June 22nd to July 4th, and the control period, July 28th to August 21st. The response variable was PM and the meteorology covariates used in the model were hourly temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed and precipitation. Wind direction was not a significant predictor of PM levels in either the control or the no control period. Using the meteorologically-based regression coefficients from the two time periods, meteorology was found to contribute to at least a 16% reduction in PM levels in the roadside microenvironment; while the pollution control measures contributed to at least a 43% reduction in PM levels.

关键词： meteorology emission control measures Beijing Olympic Games PM_2.5 linear statistical models

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奥运会飞碟靶场石方开挖控制爆破效果及分析

申振宇,张朋军,汪旭光,于亚伦

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第11期页码 13-16

摘要：

介绍了中深孔爆破在奥运会飞碟靶场石方开挖中的应用，在复杂环境下，采用孔外多段毫秒延时、低单耗、加长填塞等技术措施，较好地控制爆破振动及飞石的危害。在不良地质条件下采用预裂爆破技术，优化预裂爆破参数，保证了边坡的平整。对实施经验进行了总结，可为同类条件下的爆破提供参考。

关键词：石方开挖深孔爆破预裂爆破破碎岩层

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现代空间结构与奥运场馆建设

沈世钊

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第8期页码 12-21

摘要：

介绍了2008年北京奥运场馆的总体建设情况，结合一些具有代表性的场馆，对其新颖独特的建筑造型、先进的结构体系以及在设计、材料、施工和监测等方面所采用的大量自主创新技术进行了重点探讨。通过对一些具有经典意义的奥运建筑进行回顾，指出它们的共性特点是：新颖的建筑造型、创新的结构形式与建筑功能的统一；符合建筑技术（包括材料、构造、施工安装技术等）的发展方向，推动了技术的进步。比照这些优秀奥运建筑，有理由相信2008年北京奥运场馆中的一些杰出代表建筑，将有条件成为这一行列的新成员。

关键词：现代空间结构奥运建筑设计理念技术创新

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Observation of black carbon aerosol in Beijing, 2003

LOU Shujuan, MAO Jietai, WANG Meihua

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第3期页码 345-349 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0059-4

摘要： The objective of this study was to determine the black carbon concentration in Beijing in 2003. The aerosol properties were measured using an Aethalometer and a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) on the roof of the Physics Building of Peking University (39.99º N, 116.31º E) from July to August 2003 and from November 2003 to January 2004. The average black carbon (BC) concentrations in the summer and winter were 8.80 and 11.4 μg/m, respectively. During winter, two different cyclone cut offs were installed at the inlet of an aethalometer. The BC mass concentration in TSP, PM, and PM were obtained. The results indicated that in winter aerosol, 90% of BC exited in PM and 82.6% of BC exited in PM. The BC in PM accounted for 5.11% of the PM mass.

关键词： carbon concentration Beijing tapered element August aethalometer

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Sliding window games for cooperative building temperature control using a distributed learning method

Zhaohui ZHANG, Ruilong DENG, Tao YUAN, S. Joe QIN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第3期页码 304-314 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017045

摘要： In practice, an energy consumer often consists of a set of residential or commercial buildings, with individual units that are expected to cooperate to achieve overall optimization under modern electricity operations, such as time-of-use price. Global utility is decomposed to the payoff of each player, and each game is played over a prediction horizon through the design of a series of sliding window games by treating each building as a player. During the games, a distributed learning algorithm based on game theory is proposed such that each building learns to play a part of the global optimum through state transition. The proposed scheme is applied to a case study of three buildings to demonstrate its effectiveness.

关键词： game theory demand response HVAC control multi-building system

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改进的疏散时间计算模型在奥运赛场中的应用

张青松,刘茂,赵国敏

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第4期页码 64-69

摘要：

基于人群流动理论和离散计算方法对传统疏散时间计算公式进行了改进，并提出了疏散离散时间计算模型（EDTM）。运用此改进模型对天津奥林匹克中心体育场某看台出口人群疏散时间计算，并与 BuildingEXODUS计算机模拟、传统公式计算结果对比分析表明，此改进模型计算结果与计算机模拟结果非常接近，且比传统疏散时间计算公式更为精确和符合实际情况，可代替传统疏散时间计算公式用于体育赛场尤其是北京奥运赛场人群疏散时间计算及进行赛场性能化设计的依据。

关键词：疏散时间人群流动系数出口计算机模拟奥运赛场

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Key technological innovations in the construction of the main terminal of Beijing Daxing International

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第4期页码 689-694 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0223-3

关键词： Beijing Daxing International Airport main terminal architectural technology innovation

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on the soil moisture vertical-temporal variability in an urban artificial landscape: a case study of OlympicForest Park in Beijing

Xiaofeng ZHANG,Xu ZHANG,Guanghe LI

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 269-278 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0672-y

摘要： Soil moisture variability in natural landscapes has been widely studied; however, less attention has been paid to its variability in the urban landscapes with respect to the possible influence of texture stratification and irrigation management. Therefore, a case study was carried out in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park to continuously monitor the soil in three typical profiles from 26 April to 11 November 2010. The texture stratification significantly affected the vertical distribution of moisture in the non-irrigated profile where moisture was mostly below field capacity. In the profile where irrigation was sufficient to maintain moisture above field capacity, gravity flow led to increased moisture with depth and thus eliminated the influence of texture. In the non-irrigated sites, the upper layer (above 80 cm) exhibited long-term moisture persistence with the time scale approximating the average rainfall interval. However, a coarse-textured layer weakened the influence of rainfall, and a fine-textured layer weakened the influence of evapotranspiration, both of which resulted in random noise-like moisture series in the deeper layers. At the irrigated site, frequent irrigation neutralized the influence of evapotranspiration in the upper layer (above 60 cm) and overshadowed the influence of rainfall in the deeper layer. As a result, the moisture level in the upper layer also behaved as a random noise-like series; whereas due to deep transpiration, the moisture of the deep layer had a persistence time-scale longer than a month, consistent with characteristic time-scales found for deep transpiration.

关键词： moisture vertical distribution moisture temporal variation texture stratification irrigation meteorological forcing urban landscape

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Modeling and simulation of industrial water demand of Beijing municipality in China

Shouke WEI, Shafi Noor ISLAM, Alin LEI,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 91-101 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0007-6

摘要： Statistic and econometric regression models were established in this study to analyze and predict industrial water demand, water deficits, and their future uncertainty in Beijing—a Chinese city with a severe water stress problem. A forecasting model was selected based on a modeling evaluation by comparing predictions with observations. Four scenarios were designed to simulate and analyze the future uncertainty of industrial water demand and the water deficit of Beijing. The modeling results for industrial water demand suggested that Beijing industry would face a water deficit between 3.06 × 10 min 2008 and 2.77 × 10 m in 2015, though its industrial water demand would decrease from 6.31× 10 m to 4.84 × 10 m during this period of time. Results from simulated scenario illustrated that, due to the extreme water scarcity situation, industry in Beijing would still face a serious water deficit problem even with a very optimistic scenario for the future.

关键词： water scarcity water demand water deficit modeling industry scenario Beijing

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Impact of energy structure adjustment on air quality: a case study in Beijing, China

Bin ZHAO, Jiayu XU, Jiming HAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 378-390 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0357-8

摘要： Energy consumption is a major cause of air pollution in Beijing, and the adjustment of the energy structure is of strategic importance to the reduction of carbon intensity and the improvement of air quality. In this paper, we explored the future trend of energy structure adjustment in Beijing till 2020, designed five energy scenarios focusing on the fuel substitution in power plants and heating sectors, established emission inventories, and utilized the Mesoscale Modeling System Generation 5 (MM5) and the Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) to evaluate the impact of these measures on air quality. By implementing this systematic energy structure adjustment, the emissions of PM , PM , SO , NO , and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) will decrease distinctly by 34.0%, 53.2%, 78.3%, 47.0%, and 30.6% respectively in the most coal-intensive scenario of 2020 compared with 2005. Correspondingly, MM5-Models-3/CMAQ simulations indicate significant reduction in the concentrations of major pollutants, implying that energy structure adjustment can play an important role in improving Beijing’s air quality. By fuel substitution for power plants and heating boilers, PM , PM , SO , NO , and NMVOCs will be reduced further, but slightly by 1.7%, 4.5%, 11.4%, 13.5%, and 8.8% respectively in the least coal-intensive scenario. The air quality impacts of different scenarios in 2020 resemble each other, indicating that the potential of air quality improvement due to structure adjustment in power plants and heating sectors is limited. However, the CO emission is 10.0% lower in the least coal-intensive scenario than in the most coal-intensive one, contributing to Beijing’s ambition to build a low carbon city. Except for energy structure adjustment, it is necessary to take further measures to ensure the attainment of air quality standards.

关键词： Beijing energy structure adjustment air quality Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) scenario

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Hydraulic model for multi-sources reclaimed water pipe network based on EPANET and its applications in Beijing

JIA Haifeng, WEI Wei, XIN Kunlun

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第1期页码 57-62 doi: 10.1007/s11783-008-0013-0

摘要： Water shortage is one of the major water related problems for many cities in the world. The planning for utilization of reclaimed water has been or would be drafted in these cities. For using the reclaimed water soundly, Beijing planned to build a large scale reclaimed water pipe networks with multi-sources. In order to support the plan, the integrated hydraulic model of planning pipe network was developed based on EPANET supported by geographic information system (GIS). The complicated pipe network was divided into four weak conjunction subzones according to the distribution of reclaimed water plants and the elevation. It could provide a better solution for the problem of overhigh pressure in several regions of the network. Through the scenarios analysis in different subzones, some of the initial diameter of pipes in the network was adjusted. At last the pipe network planning scheme of reclaimed water was proposed. The proposed planning scheme could reach the balances between reclaimed water requirements and reclaimed water supplies, and provided a scientific basis for the reclaimed water utilization in Beijing. Now the scheme had been adopted by Beijing municipal government.

关键词： diameter Beijing municipal reclaimed planning elevation

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speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during summer in Beijing

LU Sihua, LIU Ying, SHAO Min, HUANG Shan

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第2期页码 147-152 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0026-0

摘要： Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including C to C alkanes, C to C alkenes, C to C aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation, painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored.

关键词： Beijing exception gasoline evaporation August exhaust