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Optimization design of spar cap layup for wind turbine blade

Jie ZHU, Xin CAI, Pan PAN, Rongrong GU

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2012, Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 53-56 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0147-9

Abstract: Based on the aerodynamic shape and structural form of the blade are fixed, a mathematical model of optimization design for wind turbine blade is established. The model is pursued with respect to minimum the blade mass to reduce the cost of wind turbine production. The material layup numbers of the spar cap are chosen as the design variables; while the demands of strength, stiffness and stability of the blade are employed as the constraint conditions. The optimization design for a 1.5 MW wind turbine blade is carried out by combing above objective and constraint conditions at the action of ultimate flapwise loads with the finite element software ANSYS. Compared with the original design, the optimization design result achieves a reduction of 7.2% of the blade mass, the stress and strain distribution of the blade is more reasonable, and there is no occurrence of resonance, therefore its effectiveness is verified.

Keywords： wind turbine blade spar cap layup optimization design blade mass

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Recent advances in the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass

Changwei HU, Yu YANG, Jia LUO, Pan PAN, Dongmei TONG, Guiying LI

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2011, Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 188-193 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-1015-6

Abstract: Biomass is considered as a renewable and alternative resource for the production of fuels and chemicals, since it is the only carbon and hydrogen containing resource that we can find in the world except for fossil resources, capable of being converted to hydrocarbons. The pyrolytic liquefaction of biomass is a promising way to convert biomass to useful products. This paper briefly surveys the present status of the direct catalytic pyrolysis for the liquefaction of biomass. The direct use of catalysts could decrease the pyrolysis temperature, increase the conversion of biomass and the yield of bio-oil, and change the distribution of the pyrolytic liquid products then improve the quality of the bio-oil obtained. The fact that biomass is in solid state present great challenges for its conversion and for the effective use of catalysts due to the bad heat transfer characteristics and bad mass transfer properties. These barriers appeal for the development of a new catalyst and new catalytic process as well as the integration of both. Process design and process intensification are of significant importance in the catalytic conversion of biomass.

Keywords： biomass liquefaction catalysis bio-oil process intensification

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Development trend of urban design in “digital age”: Pan-dimensionality and individual-ubiquity

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2021, Volume 15, Issue 3, Pages 569-575 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0735-7

Abstract: ., the urban development is moving toward “pan-dimensionality” and “individual ubiquity”.

Keywords： digital age urban design multiple objectives human-computer interaction pan-dimensionality individual-ubiquity

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Early-onset diabetes: an epidemic in China

Jiemin Pan, Weiping Jia

Frontiers of Medicine 2018, Volume 12, Issue 6, Pages 624-633 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0669-1

Abstract:

Although type 2 diabetes is a disease often associated with aging, the global prevalence of early-onset diabetes has been increasing due to man’s sedentary lifestyle, low-physical activity, obesity, and some non-modifiable risk factors. Many studies have found that individuals with early-onset type 2 diabetes were at higher risk of developing vascular complications than those with late-onset diabetes. Individuals with early-onset diabetes are usually unwilling to visit hospital and have more confidence in their health, which results in poor glycemic control and the delayed detection of diabetes-related complications. Few studies have focused on the treatment and prevention of complications in specific population of individuals with early-onset type 2 diabetes. Therefore, focusing on this particular population is critical for the government and academic societies. Screening for T2DM is imminent for young adults with a family history of diabetes, obesity, markers of insulin resistance, or alcohol consumption. More data are definitely required to establish a reasonable risk model to screen for early-onset diabetes.

Keywords： diabetes early-onset diabetes complications

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Digital switched hydraulics

Min PAN, Andrew PLUMMER

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2018, Volume 13, Issue 2, Pages 225-231 doi: 10.1007/s11465-018-0509-7

Abstract:

This paper reviews recent developments in digital switched hydraulics particularly the switched inertance hydraulic systems (SIHSs). The performance of SIHSs is presented in brief with a discussion of several possible configurations and control strategies. The soft switching technology and high-speed switching valve design techniques are discussed. Challenges and recommendations are given based on the current research achievements.

Keywords： digital hydraulics switched inertance hydraulic systems energy efficiency high-speed switching valve fluid-borne noise

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CFD simulation on membrane distillation of NaCl solution

Zhaoguang XU, Yanqiu PAN, Yalan YU

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2009, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 293-297 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0204-7

Abstract: A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation that coupled an established heat and mass transfer model was carried out for the air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD) of NaCl solution to predict mass and heat behaviors of the process. The effects of temperature and flowrate on fluxes were first simulated and compared with available experimental data to verify the approach. The profiles of temperature, temperature polarization factor, and mass flux adjacent to the tubular carbon membrane surface were then examined under different feed Reynolds number in the computational domain. Results show that the temperature polarization phenomena can be reduced, and mass flux can be enhanced with increase in the feed Reynolds number.

Keywords： membrane distillation computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation temperature polarization carbon membrane

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Thin-liquid-film evaporation at contact line

Hao WANG, Zhenai PAN, Zhao CHEN

Frontiers in Energy 2009, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 141-151 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0020-2

Abstract: When a liquid wets a solid wall, the extended meniscus near the contact line may be divided into three regions: a nonevaporating region, where the liquid is adsorbed on the wall; a transition region or thin-film region, where effects of long-range molecular forces (disjoining pressure) are felt; and an intrinsic meniscus region, where capillary forces dominate. The thin liquid film, with thickness from nanometers up to micrometers, covering the transition region and part of intrinsic meniscus, is gaining interest due to its high heat transfer rates. In this paper, a review was made of the researches on thin-liquid-film evaporation. The major characteristics of thin film, thin-film modeling based on continuum theory, simulations based on molecular dynamics, and thin-film profile and temperature measurements were summarized.

Keywords： meniscus thin film contact line disjoining pressure evaporation

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Enhanced penetration strategies for transdermal delivery

Qiaofei Pan, Yinglin Yu, Dong Chen, Genlong Jiao, Xiaowen Liu

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2020, Volume 14, Issue 3, Pages 378-388 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1913-1

Abstract: Transdermal delivery offers several advantages in drug distribution, including convenience, painless administration, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and ease of termination. However, the natural protective barriers of the skin, such as the stratum corneum, the topmost layer of skin, limit the systemic absorption of external therapeutics via transdermal delivery. Therefore, extensive application of transdermal delivery in medical treatment has been limited. Over the past few years, many formulation strategies and physical technologies, therefore, have been developed to enhance transdermal delivery. This review summarizes various formulation strategies proposed for transdermal delivery and their application in medical treatment.

Keywords： transdermal delivery stratum corneum enhanced penetration therapeutics

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Combustion characteristics of a direct-injection diesel engine fueled with Fischer-Tropsch diesel

HUANG Yongcheng, ZHOU Longbao, PAN Keyu

Frontiers in Energy 2007, Volume 1, Issue 2, Pages 239-244 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0033-7

Abstract: Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuel is characterized by a high cetane number, a near-zero sulphur content and a very low aromatic level. On the basis of the recorded incylinder pressures and injector needle lifts, the combustion characteristics of an unmodified single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine operating on F-T diesel fuel are analyzed and compared with those of conventional diesel fuel operation. The results show that F-T diesel fuel exhibits a slightly longer injection delay and injection duration, an average of 18.7% shorter ignition delay, and a comparable total combustion duration when compared to those of conventional diesel fuel. Meanwhile, F-T diesel fuel displays an average of 26.8% lower peak value of premixed burning rate and a higher peak value of diffusive burning rate. In addition, the F-T diesel engine has a slightly lower peak combustion pressure, a far lower rate of pressure rise, and a lower mechanical load and combustion noise than the conventional diesel engine. The brake specific fuel consumption is lower and the effective thermal efficiency is higher for F-T diesel fuel operation.

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Recent advances in fruit crop genomics

Qiang XU,Chaoyang LIU,Manosh Kumar BISWAS,Zhiyong PAN,Xiuxin DENG

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2014, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 21-27 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014002

Abstract: In recent years, dramatic progress has been made in the genomics of fruit crops. The publication of a dozen fruit crop genomes represents a milestone for both functional genomics and breeding programs in fruit crops. Rapid advances in high-throughput sequencing technology have revolutionized the manner and scale of genomics in fruit crops. Research on fruit crops is encompassing a wide range of biological questions which are unique and cannot be addressed in a model plant such as . This review summarizes recent achievements of research on the genome, transcriptome, proteome, miRNAs and epigenome of fruit crops.

Keywords： fruit crops fruit biology gene function genomics

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Designs and practices of energy saving in Lhasa Railway Station

Kai CUI, Yungang PAN, Lixin SHAN,

Frontiers in Energy 2010, Volume 4, Issue 1, Pages 106-116 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0011-3

Abstract: The design, construction, operation and on-site measurement of Lhasa Railway Station was summarized. The problems and corresponding solutions during the implementation of building energy saving design and utilization of solar energy were proposed.

Keywords： building energy saving natural ventilation solar energy radiant floor heating

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WEIS wheel speed real-time measuring method for VOSM

Mengyao PAN, Guixiong LIU, Xiaobin HONG, Tusheng LIN,

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2010, Volume 5, Issue 3, Pages 322-327 doi: 10.1007/s11465-010-0022-0

Abstract: Wheel speed is one of the key parameters of vehicle operating attitude. To solve the problems in traditional wheel speed measuring methods, such as low measurement precision and the lack of real-time monitoring of the vehicle’s operating attitude, a wheel embedded intelligent sensors (WEIS) wheel speed measuring method for vehicle operating safety states monitoring (VOSM) is innovatively proposed. Radial acceleration signal is obtained through a WEIS module embedded in the hub. Using wavelet packet to implement wavelet de-noising for the non-stationary acceleration signals, and adopting short-time Fourier transform (STFT) algorithm to extract the signal characteristics, the wheel speed measurement can be achieved. The experimental result shows that under experimental conditions the speed measurement error is −2.05%, and the speed measuring response time is 0.45 s.

Keywords： wheel embedded intelligent sensing wheel speed monitoring

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Whole pictures of halogenated disinfection byproducts in tap water from China’s cities

Yang PAN,Xiangru ZHANG,Jianping ZHAI

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2015, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages 121-130 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0727-0

Abstract: When bromide/iodide is present in source water, hypobromous acid/hypoiodous acid will be formed with addition of chlorine, chloramine, or other disinfectants. Hypobromous acid/hypoiodous acid undergoes reactions with natural organic matter in source water to form numerous brominated/iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, tap water samples were collected from eight cities in China. With the aid of electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry by setting precursor ion scans of 35, 81, and 126.9, whole pictures of polar chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the tap water samples were revealed for the first time. Numerous polar halogenated DBPs were detected, including haloacetic acids, newly identified halogenated phenols, and many new/unknown halogenated compounds. Total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic iodine were also measured to indicate the total levels of all chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the tap water samples. The total organic chlorine concentrations ranged from 26.8 to 194.0 μg·L as Cl, with an average of 109.2 μg·L as Cl; the total organic bromine concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 113.3 μg·L as Br, with an average of 34.7 μg·L as Br; the total organic iodine concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 16.4 μg·L as I, with an average of 9.1 μg·L as I; the total organic halogen concentrations ranged from 31.3 to 220.4 μg·L as Cl, with an average of 127.2 μg·L as Cl.

Keywords： Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) total organic halogen tap water in China

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Sustainable Supply Model Design of Public Rental Housing —Case Study of Chongqing

Xiao Li,Xiang Gu,Yue Teng,Pan Li

Frontiers of Engineering Management 2014, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages 410-416 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014050

Abstract: Public rental housing is an important governmental project. Within the next three years, Chongqing municipal government proposes building 40×10 m of public rental housing to solve the housing problem for 2 million people. Many problems of sustainability have happened in long-term large-scale construction, including gradually-slow renting progress, the shortage of funds, public rental housing community facilities are retrograde, and the selected sites are at the city’s edge. This paper analyzes the Chongqing public rental housing situation from the perspective of sustainable public rental housing supply, putting forward a sustainable supply model that is suitable for Chongqing, and then calculates their portion.

Keywords： public rental housing sustainability supply model filtering theory

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Macrozoobenthic assemblages in relation to environments of the Yangtze-isolated lakes

Baozhu PAN, Haijun WANG, Hongzhu WANG, Zhaoyin WANG

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012, Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 246-254 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0381-8

Abstract: Eutrophication can shift lakes from a clear, macrophyte-dominated state to a turbid, algae-dominated state, and different habitat condition supports different fauna. Macrozoobenthos are good indicators of water environment, and studies on macrozoobenthic assemblage characteristics can help us to know which state a lake is in, thus provide the basis for its eutrophication control. In this study, a systematic investigation on macrozoobenthos was conducted in 17 Yangtze-isolated lakes to explore the macroecological laws of macrozoobenthic assemblages. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) revealed that variance of benthic assemblage structure occurred in two types of lakes. In macrophytic lakes, altogether 51?taxa of macrozoobenthos were identified. The average density and biomass of total macrozoobenthos were 2231?individuals·m and 1.69 g dry weight·m , respectively. Macrozoobenthic assemblage was characterized by dominance of scrapers (i.e. gastropods). In algal lakes, altogether 20 taxa of macrozoobenthos were identified. The average density and biomass of total macrozoobenthos were 2814 individuals·m and 1.38 g dry weight·m , respectively. Macrozoobenthic assemblage was characterized by dominance of collector-gatherers (i.e. oligochaetes). Wet biomass of submersed macrophytes ( ) and phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration ( ) were demonstrated as the key factor structuring macrozoobenthic assemblages in macrophytic and algal lakes, respectively.

Keywords： macrozoobenthos assemblage characteristics environment analyses macrophytic lake algal lake