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Zoning of Agricultural Resource and Environment in China
Erqi Xu
Strategic Study of CAE 2018, Volume 20, Issue 5, Pages 57-62 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.05.009
Problems in China’s agricultural resources and environment have become increasingly prominent, with distinct resource and environment constraints for regional agricultures. Based on regional differentiation in agricultural resource and environment characteristics, this paper divided the country into 10 first-level zones and 57 second-level zones at the county scale. The first-level zones were divided according to regional differentiation in climate and geotectonic. And the second-level zones differentiate in water resources, land resources, and environmental conditions. It analyzed the agricultural production conditions, types of resources and their different combinations, environmental production conditions, and existing problems in these zones. This study proposed the strategies of “optimizing the spatial layout of eastern, central, and western regions” and “improving Northeast China, regulating North China, and recovering South China”. Twenty-seven second-level zones, undertaking the supply of major agricultural products in China, were identified and labeled as “major agricultural developing regions in China”. The development direction and construction measures of the major agricultural developing regions in China were suggested to maintain and improve the health and sustainability of China’s agricultural production system.
Keywords： 个二级区。一级区依据气候条件和大地构造的地域分异，二级区根据水资源、土地资源和环境条件问题差异。分析了全国各分区农业生产条件、资源类型及其组合的特点、环境生产条件和存在问题，提出 中国农业资源环境问题日益突出，区域农业资源限制因素和环境制约问题各不相同。依据农业资源环境地域分异，以县域为制图单元，本文将全国划分为10 提高东北，整治华北，恢复南方 战略，并划分了27 个承担主要农产品供给保障功能的 ，指明其建设方向措施，以维护和改善我国农业生产系统的健康和可持续性
Review and Development Strategy of Irrigation with Unconventional Water Resources in China
HuYaqi, Wenyong Wu
Strategic Study of CAE 2018, Volume 20, Issue 5, Pages 69-76 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.05.011
With the increasing shortage of water resources, the development and utilization of unconventional water resources have received more and more attention from various countries. Using unconventional water resources to irrigate is one of the important measures to deal with the shortage of water resources. Unconventional water resources mainly include the reclaimed water and brackish water. In China, the agricultural unconventional water resources have relatively high potentials. It has been predicted that the amount of unconventional water available for agriculture will reach 3.438×1010 m3 in 2030 and the irrigation amount of reclaimed water and brackish water will be 1.645×1010 m3 and 2.48×109 m3, respectively. In areas where the fresh water resources are lacking and the unconventional water resources are relatively abundant, especially in the arid area in the north, developing and using unconventional water resources can be regarded as a good solution for the shortage of fresh water. In this paper, based on the situation of China, the irrigation mode of unconventional water resources was summarized. From the aspects of zoning technology, suitable crop classification, pollution identification technology, high-efficient irrigation technique, monitoring and evaluation technology, and integrated application mode, this paper proposes the safe irrigation measures of unconventional water resources in China. Finally, in order to establish a technical system of agricultural unconventional water resources utilization suitable for China, this paper puts forward the development and utilization strategy, which is to further strengthen the technical research and popularization of the agricultural unconventional water resource utilization technology, to improve the recycling standards and regulation system, to bring the unconventional water resources into the planning of water resources development and utilization, and to formulate incentive policies.
Environmental and Dynamic Conditions for the Occurrence of Persistent Haze Events in North China
Yihui Ding,Ping Wu,Yanju Liu,Yafang Song
Engineering 2017, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 266-271 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.01.009
This paper presents a concise summary of recent studies on the long-term variations of haze in North China and on the environmental and dynamic conditions for severe persistent haze events. Results indicate that haze days have an obviously rising trend over the past 50 years in North China. The occurrence frequency of persistent haze events has a similar rising trend due to the continuous rise of winter temperatures, decrease of surface wind speeds, and aggravation of atmospheric stability. In North China, when severe persistent haze events occur, anomalous southwesterly winds prevail in the lower troposphere, providing sufficient moisture for the formation of haze. Moreover, North China is mainly controlled by a deep downdraft in the mid-lower troposphere, which contributes to reducing the thickness of the planetary boundary layer, obviously reducing the atmospheric capacity for pollutants. This atmospheric circulation and sinking motion provide favorable conditions for the formation and maintenance of haze in North China.
Keywords： North China Persistent haze events Environmental conditions Dynamic conditions
Wen Shengfang,Shan Baoqing,Ma Jing and Deng Wei
Strategic Study of CAE 2017, Volume 19, Issue 4, Pages 88-96 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.04.014
This study discusses the environmental carrying capacity for surface water in different main functional zones in water-deficient areas, such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jingjinji) and the five northwestern provinces and autonomous regions in China. Main function was used as the basic principle to divide control units.This paper analyzes the pollution-bearing capacity of the main functional zones of the Ministry of Water Resources and analyzes pollutant discharge statistics from the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The results show that the ammonia discharge from the priority development regions of Jingjinji and Northwest China is greater than the water environmental carrying capacity, due to emissions from urban life. Pollutant discharge, including chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia, into major agricultural product-producing areas and key protected ecological areas overloaded the capacity of the Jingjinji region, while 19%–73% of the water environmental carrying capacity remained in the five northwestern provinces and autonomous regions in China. Therefore, the environmental and industrial policies for different main functional zones depend on the type of functional zone and on the overloaded condition of the water environmental carrying capacity.
Keywords： water-deficient areas environmental carrying capacity main functional zone overload degree
Development Status of Fruit Industry in China and Several Problems to Be Studied
Su Huairui
Strategic Study of CAE 2003, Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 45-48
Fruit germplasm resources, levels of fruit industry, and research status at present in China are desqribed. Discussion lays particular emphasis on (i) realizing modernization and specialization in production of traditional variety groups; (ii) fruit development and construction of ecological environment; (iii) attaching great importance to root system research; (iv) development of fruit processing industry at a suitable speed and on the basis of scientific investigation and paying attention to reasonable combination of large-, mid- and small-scales; (v) establishing an engineering-technic system for production of quality fruits. Concretely, the research should cover variety combination and specialization, breeding ‘ worldwide varieties´ and famous-special-fine varieties, production of nuisanceless fruits via environment protection, putting root system research to aim at sustainable development and fruit quality, nutrition-genotypic root systems, renting genes, forming an engineering-technic system to guarantee fruit quality, knowledge of gradual progress in fruit processing industry, etc.
Keywords： fruit germplasm resources variety combination fruit root system fruit processing engineering-technic system for production of quality fruits
“Water Resources in Northeast China” Project Group,CAE
Strategic Study of CAE 2006, Volume 8, Issue 5, Pages 1-24
Northeast China refers to the region including Liaoning Province, Jilin Province, Heilongjiang Province and the northeastern past of inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, i. e. Chifeng City, Tongliao City, Xing an League and Hulun Buir City. Covering an area of 124×104km2with a population of 119 million, this region features developed industries, biggest forest zone arid best grassland in China. It is the largest commodity grain base as well. However, the decades-long crude production and extensive management has resulted in the decline of part of industries and agriculture and the degradation of environment, such as the exhaustion of the fellable forest; the degeneration, desertification and salinization of grassland; the serious loss of black earth; the pollution of water sesources, the dry up of rivers and the decrease of wetland; the environmental problems in abandoned mining areas. The only choice for reinvigorating the northeast China old industrial base is to change the economic growth pattern timely and build the resource-conservation and environment-friendly society. The author brings forward eight strategic proposals: not increasing the total area of arable land, not decreasing the area of forest, grassland and wetland, and rationally controlling the land for urban and industrial use; tapping the huge potential of agriculture and building China's largest agricultural product base; taking further measures to ensure the sustainable development of the forest industry; promoting the urbanization process and properly address urban water resources crisis and preventing geological disasters in coal mine-based cities; enhancing geological prospecting to consolidate the guarantee of resources; protecting water environment and preventing water from pollution; controlling the use of water for socio-economic purpose in the western part of the region so as to protect the ecological environment; rationally allocating water resources to contribute the harmonious development between man and nature.
Keywords： northeast China allocation of land and water resources ecology and environment protection sustainable development
Analysis of the Development of Water Resources of the Minqin Oasis
Sun Xuetao
Strategic Study of CAE 2004, Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 1-9
Water scarcity of the Shiyang River Basin becomes more and more severe in recent years, which has led to a rapid degradation of ecological environment and human civilization created for a long period of time in the Minqin Oasis at the down stream and has caused deep concerns of all circles of life. The paper focuses on the utilization of water resources of the Minqin Oasis in different periods, analysis of the methods of ecological environment rehabilitation and reasonable water utilization. It shows that the Minqin Oasis will be destroyed if there are no new rescuning measures, according to balance calculation of water demand and supply. The paper delivered three proposals for the sustainable development of the Oasis and adequate water recovery of the Qingtu Lake at the end of the Shiyang River.
Keywords： the Minqin Oasis ecological environment desertification water resources restructuring
Developing from Mechanized to Smart Agricultural Production in China
Luo Xiwen, Liao Juan, Zang Ying, Ou Yinggang, Wang Pei
Strategic Study of CAE 2022, Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 46-54 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.01.005
The mode transformation of agricultural production is a common concern for China and worldwide. Currently, the level of mechanization has been significantly promoted for the agriculture sector in China and smart production becomes an inevitable trend for modern agriculture. Smart agriculture regards data, knowledge, and intelligent equipment as the core elements and integrates modern science and technology with agriculture to realize digital perception, intelligent decision-making, precise operation, and smart management in the entire process of agricultural production, thereby greatly improving labor productivity, resource utilization rate, and land output rate. This article presents the current status of agricultural production in China using rice production as an example, and analyzes the necessity, opportunities, challenges, directions, and route for the intelligent transformation of China’s agriculture. Furthermore, we propose policy suggestions to promote the intelligent development of China’s agricultural production, including (1) strengthening the research and innovation system for agricultural machinery, (2) improving the agricultural machinery promotion system, (3) optimizing the socialized service system for agricultural machinery, and (4) accelerating the construction of smart agriculture demonstration zones.
Keywords： agricultural production rice production agricultural mechanization information technology intelligent agricultural machinery smart agricultural production
A Consideration of Agriculture and Agricultural Science
Liu Gengling
Strategic Study of CAE 2004, Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 26-29
This article explores the importance of agriculture in line with development of society. It uses examples of high productivity achieved in grain and cotton crops in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang areas to show that the fundamental objective of agricultural science is to maximize crops through the most effective use of soil, fertilizer and water in gaining the greatest benefit from power of the sun. Agricultural science should take up relevant theories and methodologies from other sciences, such as biological science, earth science and economics. The use of information technology will have great benefits for agricultural science. It hopes the scientific communities of China can make a significant contribution to solving the problems facing our rural areas, farmers and agriculture itself.
Keywords： agriculture agricultural sciences
Zha Yan, Wu Wenbin, Yu Qiangyi, Liang Shefang, Lu Miao, Qian Jianping, Tang Huajun
Strategic Study of CAE 2022, Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 64-72 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.01.008
As cropland and water resources are most valuable, the rational development and utilization of agricultural water and land resources are crucial for national food, ecological, and resource security. Therefore, obtaining timely and accurate information about the quantity and utilization of these resources is vital for national stability and socio-economic development. Here, we summarize the status quo and problems of the monitoring and information services of agricultural water and land resources in China, and expound on the framework of a monitoring and information service system. Additionally, we propose the strategic goals, namely, realizing automatic, intelligent, and unmanned monitoring of agricultural resources and environment and marketing the monitoring information services. These goals can be achieved by increasing the efficiency and outcomes of water and land use and optimizing the spatial allocation of agricultural land and water resources. Moreover, we analyze the technological routes for agricultural water and land resource monitoring in the context of the deep integration of information technology and agriculture, and propose specific projects from the aspects of infrastructure construction, core technology development and integration, and information services. Furthermore, we propose the following policy suggestions: (1) strengthening the top-level design, (2) enhancing scientific and technological innovation, (2) building a sharing platform for agricultural resource monitoring, (4) deepening the interaction of government, industry, universities, research institutes, and users of agricultural resources, and (5) promoting high-level talent training. Our study is expected to provide theoretical references for the development of the agricultural water and land resource monitoring in China.
Keywords： agricultural water resource，land resource，resource monitoring，information services，satellite aerial and ground integration
Mustafa GOKDAG,Mehmet AKBABA
Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2016, Volume 17, Issue 12, Pages 1388-1396 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500322
Keywords： Sub-module-level maximum power point tracking (MPPT) Differential power processing (DPP) Distributed power converters Switched-capacitor (SC) converters
Strategic Research on Sustainable Development of Water Resource in China
Project Group of "Strategic Research on Sustainable Development of Water Resource in China in 21st Century", Chinese Academy of Engineering
Strategic Study of CAE 2000, Volume 2, Issue 8, Pages 1-17
The total water resource volume in China is 28 000 × 108m3. According to the demographic statistics in 1997, the average water resource per person is 2 220 m3 and will be, by estimation, decreased to 1 760 m3 in the year of 2030 with the population growing to 16 × 108. According to the commonly accepted standard, a nation which has a water resource volume per person below 1 700 m3 will be considered to be short of water resource. The water resource in future is seriously sufficient.
During the past 50 years, the national water consumption has been been lifted from above 1 000 × 108 m3 in 1949 to 5 566 × 108 m3 in 1997, among which agricultural water consumption was 75.3%, industrial water consumption 20.2%, and the water consumption in cities 4.5%. The average comprehensive water consumption per person rose from below 200 m3 to 458 m3. The problems confronted at present are: lack of flood prevention safety; coexistence of water resource shortage and the extravagance of water resource; the damage to e-cological environment resulted from over-exploitation of water and land resource; the deterioration of water environment and the rapid worsening of water pollution. These problems are very grave now.
This report points out that establishing modern agriculture which can efficiently save water can enable the present cultivated area and the irrigation water amount to produce sufficient products meeting the needs of population of 16 × 108. The water consumtion peak in our country will appear around 2030, with the water con-sumption amounting (7 000〜8 000) x 108 m3/a and the average water consumption per person 400 ~ 500 m3. By that time, the actual utilizable water volume throughout the whole country will be (8 000〜9 500) × 108 m3, and that is to say the needed water amount will be approaching the utilizable water volume limit. Consequently, population should be strictly controlled from urther growing and water management to reinforced for the purpose of zero increase of needed water volume when population reaches zero-growth. The general strategy of water resource in China must be the sustainable utilization of water resource supporting the sustainable development of economy.
It is also proposed in this report that strategic shifting be implemented on aspects of flood and disaster prevention;agricultural water consumption; water consumption in cities and industry; pollution and disaster prevention;ecological environment construction; equilibrium between water supplying and needing; solutions to the water resource problem in northern and western China.
Keywords： water resource flood and disaster prevention agricultural water consumption water consumption in cities and industry ecological environment construction sustainable development
Discussion on Hydropower Resources Development and Environmental & Ecological Protection in China
Zheng Shouren
Strategic Study of CAE 2006, Volume 8, Issue 6, Pages 1-6
Hydroenergy is a kind of clean and renewable energy sources. As a high-quality energy source, it plays a key role in realizing the strategy of sustainable development. With consideration of the abundant hydropower resources in China, giving priority to its development becomes an important policy of China's energy resources exploitation. The development and utilization of hydropower resources may decrease the yield of coal and the environment pollution caused by thermal power generation. However, damming a river will lead to the change of water-sand regime, which will exert adverse impact on the ecosystem and environment. As a result, countermeasures should be studied and taken to well deal with the relationships between the hydropower development and the environmental & ecological protection. The development and exploitation of hydropower should be based on the comprehensive planning of a river basin and carried out in a scientific, reasonable, appropriate and orderly way. Moreover, it is necessary to reasonably combine hydropower development, environmental & ecological protection and promotion of regional economic & social development, so as to make the relevant work go smoothly, such as resettlement for reservoir areas, improvement of migrants' living and productive conditions and promotion of harmonious development between economic construction of reservoir areas and environment protection.
Keywords： hydropower development water resources comprehensive utilization environmental protection sustainable development
Study on Situations and Sustainable Development Strategies of China’s Fishery Environment
Zhengguo Cui, Keming Qu, Tang Qisheng
Strategic Study of CAE 2018, Volume 20, Issue 5, Pages 63-68 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.05.010
A fishery environment is a place on which the survival and reproduction of aquatic lives rely and is the foundation of fishery development. In general, the deterioration of the environmental quality of fishery waters in China has not yet been fundamentally curbed, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate are still the major indicators of pollution in fishery waters. Based on analyses of the status and variation trend of the fishery environment, in this review, we clarify the main factors that affect the sustainable development of China's fishery environment, such as development of construction projects, pollution of external sources, ecological disasters, and pollution accidents; identify major environmental issues in key areas of water; propose the idea of sustainable fishery environment based on green, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly development; establish the overall development goal and the specific development goals of two stages by 2025 and 2030; and put forward suggestions and measures including strictly controlling external pollution and aquaculture self-pollution, delineating the ecological conservation redline, improving the monitoring technology system, strengthening ecological rehabilitation, and implementing innovation projects of the fishery environment in China, hoping to provide references for the protection and management of China's fishery environment.
Water-resources-in-northwest-region Task Group of Chinese Academy of Engineering
Strategic Study of CAE 2003, Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 1-26
The northwestern region of China is a vast territory rich in resources and dwelt by many ethnic groups. It is of strategic importance so far as economic development, social security and national defense are concerned and is also an extremely important ecological buffer zone of China. In the last fifty some years, commensurate with the rapid economic development of the region, such environmental problems as land desertification and water pollution have also come into being. Of all problems, that of water resources allocation is the most crucial. It imposes a serious constraint on the sustainable development of the local society and economy.
Pursuant to the directives issued by the Central Government on “the development of China´s west” in harmony with that in ecology and environment, Chinese Academy of Engineering, on approval by the State Council, launched a strategic study on allocation of water resources, conservation and upgrading of eco-environment and sustainable development of the northwest region. On the basis of detailed investigations and scientific research, this group has come to realize that, in order to ensure sustainable development of economy, it is imperative to insist on observing the co-existence between human being and nature as the peremptory guideline of development. In this connection, sustainable development of social economy must be supported by sustainable utilization of water resources. Rational plans must be drawn up for the overall upgrading of the regional ecology and environment. The structure of industry and the way to effect economic growth must be revamped. A society with its economy based on resources saving, efficient and pollution-proof use of water should be developed. Under the condition of sustainable utilization of water resources and protection of eco-environment, water resources should be rationally allocated. A suitable policy of population control must be enforced, in order to prevent excessive growth in population. Ten strategic measures are proposed including unified administration of water resources, development of manufacturing and mining industries, acceleration of urbanization, establishment of coordinating mechanism for the conservation and upgrading of eco-environment and others.
Keywords： northwestern China allocation of water resources conservation and upgrading of eco-environment strategy of sustainable development
Title Author Date Type Operation
Review and Development Strategy of Irrigation with Unconventional Water Resources in China
HuYaqi, Wenyong Wu
Journal Article
Environmental and Dynamic Conditions for the Occurrence of Persistent Haze Events in North China
Yihui Ding,Ping Wu,Yanju Liu,Yafang Song
Journal Article
Surface Water Environmental Carrying Capacity in Water-Deficient Areas: A Case Study on Jingjinji and the Five Northwestern Provinces and Autonomous Regions in China
Wen Shengfang,Shan Baoqing,Ma Jing and Deng Wei
Journal Article
Development Status of Fruit Industry in China and Several Problems to Be Studied
Su Huairui
Journal Article
Strategic Concern to Land and Water Resources Allocation， Ecology and Environment Protection and Sustainable Development of Northeast China
“Water Resources in Northeast China” Project Group,CAE
Journal Article
Developing from Mechanized to Smart Agricultural Production in China
Luo Xiwen, Liao Juan, Zang Ying, Ou Yinggang, Wang Pei
Journal Article
Strategic Issues of Monitoring and Information Services of Agricultural Water and Land Resources in China
Zha Yan, Wu Wenbin, Yu Qiangyi, Liang Shefang, Lu Miao, Qian Jianping, Tang Huajun
Journal Article
A novel PV sub-module-level power-balancing topology for maximum power point tracking under partial shading and mismatch conditions
Mustafa GOKDAG,Mehmet AKBABA
Journal Article
Strategic Research on Sustainable Development of Water Resource in China
Project Group of "Strategic Research on Sustainable Development of Water Resource in China in 21st Century", Chinese Academy of Engineering
Journal Article
Discussion on Hydropower Resources Development and Environmental & Ecological Protection in China
Zheng Shouren
Journal Article
Study on Situations and Sustainable Development Strategies of China’s Fishery Environment
Zhengguo Cui, Keming Qu, Tang Qisheng
Journal Article
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