超高压下的极端含能材料
Extreme Energetic Materials at Ultrahigh Pressures
含有极高能量密度的单键聚合氮和单原子金属氢,常被称为极端含能材料。虽然它们需要几百吉帕的超高压才能合成,并且难以直接应用,但是研究它们的稳定性、亚稳定性和其他基本特性,仍然对另辟蹊径寻找极端含能材料甚有价值。在100~200 GPa,已经发现了多种结晶态和非晶态的聚合氮。立方偏转结构聚合氮和黑磷结构聚合氮是两种特别有意思的聚合氮,它们的滞后保存现象提供了进一步探索氮应用的前景。另外,虽然金属氢被预估具有最高的能量密度,但预测只能保存皮秒(ps)的寿命和只能合成皮克(pg)的质量,还不是一个有实用可能性的材料。因此金属氢应被定位为一个兴趣导向的基础科研课题,主要聚焦压力下分子氢的晶体构造和电子结构的奇妙演化过程,即从低密度超宽能带的绝缘体,到窄能带的半导体,再到高密度的分子金属和原子金属,最后到前所未有的崭新物理态。这些挑战驱动着超高压科学和技术的持续创新和突破。
Owing to their extremely high energy density, single-bonded polymeric nitrogen and atomic metallic hydrogen are generally regarded as the ultimate energetic materials. Although their syntheses normally require ultrahigh pressures of several hundred gigapascals (GPa), which prohibit direct materials application, research on their stability, metastability, and fundamental properties are valuable for seeking extreme energetic materials through alternative synthetic routes. Various crystalline and amorphous polymeric nitrogens have been discovered between 100 and 200 GPa. Metastability at ambient conditions has been demonstrated for some of these phases. Cubic-gauche and black-phosphorus polymorphs of single-bonded nitrogen are two particularly interesting phases. Their large hystereses warrant further application-inspired basic research of nitrogen. In contrast, although metallic hydrogen contains the highest-estimated energy density, its picosecond lifetime and picogram quantity make its practical material application impossible at present. ″Metallic hydrogen″ remains a curiosity-driven basic research pursuit focusing on the pressure-induced evolution of the molecular hydrogen crystal and its electronic band structure from a low-density insulator with a very wide electronic band gap to a semiconductor with a narrow gap to a dense molecular metal and atomic metal and eventually to a previously unknown exotic state of matter. This great experimental challenge is driving relentless advancement in ultrahighpressure science and technology.
Energetic materials / Ultrahigh pressure / Polymeric nitrogen / Metallic hydrogen
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