生命早期微生物群的发育与人类的健康和疾病
The Development of Early Life Microbiota in Human Health and Disease
人类微生物群在生命早期的定植对健康具有长期的影响。最初肠道微生物群的状态决定了人类从婴儿期到成年期的生长发育，因此是人类长期发育的一个关键窗口期。本文旨在总结生命早期共生肠道微生物群的最新发现及其在代谢、过敏和自身免疫疾病相关的疾病（包括肥胖症、糖尿病、过敏性疾病、自闭症、炎症性肠病和发育迟缓）中的重要作用。本文讨论了肠道微生物群发育过程和塑造肠道微生物群的各种因素，以及肠道微生物群在生命早期建立过程中与宿主生理系统之间的串扰（尤其是肠道免疫发育和稳态，以及神经发育过程中的中枢神经系统），以破译与生命早期肠道微生物组相关的疾病机制。此外，还考察了以微生物群为靶向的治疗方法，并显示出这些方法对于上述疾病具有一定的治疗潜力。肠道微生物组正确的成熟过程取决于遗传、营养和环境因素，必须详细检查，以监测健康的肠道微生物组发育，并通过新型益生菌或粪便微生物群移植等方法进行干预，尽可能以此纠正错误的发育过程。
The colonization of the human microbiota in early life has long-lasting health implications. The status of the initial intestinal microbiota determines human growth and development from infancy to adulthood, and thus represents a crucial window in our long-term development. This review aims to summarize the latest findings on the symbiotic gut microbiota early in life and its vital role in metabolic-, allergic-, and auto-immune-disorder-related diseases, including obesity, diabetes, allergy, autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and stunting. It discusses the development process and various factors shaping the gut microbiota, as well as the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host's physiological systems (especially intestinal immune development and homeostasis, and the central nervous system in the course of neurodevelopment), during the early life establishment of the gut microbiota, in order to decipher the mechanisms of diseases associated with the intestinal microbiome of early life. In addition, it examines microbiota-targeted therapeutic methods that show promising effects in treating these diseases. The true process of gut microbiome maturation, which depends on genetics, nutrition, and environmental factors, must be scrutinized in order to monitor healthy gut microbiome development and potentially correct unwanted courses by means of intervention via methods such as novel probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation.
微生物 / 儿科疾病 / 益生菌 / 神经发育 / 肠道免疫系统发育
Microbiota / Pediatric diseases / Probiotics / Neurodevelopment / Intestinal immune development
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