水环境中出现的新污染物给饮用水处理厂带来了巨大挑战。由于新污染物的浓度较低、特性不明，传统的水处理工艺无法对其进行有效去除，因此技术、经济和环境友好的水净化技术日益重要。本文介绍了一种由河岸过滤（riverbank filtration, RBF）和反渗透（reverse osmosis, RO）组成的一步反渗透（one-step reverse osmosis, OSRO）概念，用于饮用水处理。OSRO概念结合了相对成本较低的河水自然预处理与先进的工程净化系统。RBF提供了一个连续天然水源，具有稳定的水质和强大的污染物屏障。与直接提取地表水相比，由于预先清除了颗粒物、有机物、有机微污染物（organic micro-pollutant, OMP）和微生物，RBF成为基于RO膜的净化系统的理想水源。OSRO处理可以去除几乎99.9%的颗粒物、病原体、病毒和OMP，以及绝大多数的营养物质，从而满足无氯饮用水的要求，且具有较高的生物稳定性。与标准的常规净化步骤（包括喷淋过滤器过滤、软化操作和活性炭吸附）相比，OSRO处理更具有成本效益。人工滤池（artificial bank filtration, ABF）与砂滤系统相结合，起到人工补给的作用，是OSRO概念中RBF的替代方案，用于从当地可用资源中供应饮用水。本文建议以风能作为替代能源来实施OSRO，以提高可持续性和可再生性。本文还提出了一种基于OSRO的分散式系统，用于水的回收和再利用。本文建议未来的水处理应侧重于自然系统和工程系统的结合，通过技术上有效、经济上可行、资源可重复利用和与环境相关的方式提供饮用水。

The presence of newly emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment poses great challenges for drinking water treatment plants. Due to their low concentrations and unknown characteristics, emerging pollutants cannot be efficiently removed by conventional water treatment processes, making technically, economically, and environmentally friendly water purification technologies increasingly important. This article introduces a one-step reverse osmosis (OSRO) concept consisting of riverbank filtration (RBF) and reverse osmosis (RO) for drinking water treatment. The OSRO concept combines the relatively low-cost natural pretreatment of river water with an advanced engineered purification system. RBF provides a continuous natural source of water with stable water quality and a robust barrier for contaminants. With the pre-removal of particles, organic matter, organic micro-pollutants (OMPs), and microbes, RBF becomes an ideal source for a purification system based on RO membranes, in comparison with the direct intake of surface water. OSRO treatment removes almost 99.9% of the particles, pathogens, viruses, and OMPs, as well as the vast majority of nutrients, and thus meets the requirements for the chlorine-free delivery of drinking water with high biostability. The OSRO treatment is cost effective compared with the standard conventional series of purification steps involving sprinkling filters, softening, and activated carbon. Artificial bank filtration (ABF), which functions as an artificial recharge in combination with a sand filtration system, is proposed as an alternative for RBF in the OSRO concept to supply drinking water from locally available resources. It is also suggested that the OSRO concept be implemented with wind power as an alternative energy source in order to be more sustainable and renewable. An OSRO-based decentralized water system is proposed for water reclaiming and reuse. It is suggested that future water treatment focus on the combination of natural and engineered systems to provide drinking water through technically efficient, financially feasible, resource reusable, and environmentally relevant means.